Table 4.

TBI comorbidities and associated symptoms [4,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40].

	Diagnoses	Signs and Symptoms
Sleep–Wake	Insomnia	Difficulty falling/staying asleep, unrefreshing sleep, insufficient number of hours of sleep despite adequate opportunity
	Sleep Apnea	Snoring, restlessness, apnea, enuresis, diaphoresis, open-mouth breathing, bruxism, sleep fragmentation
	Idiopathic Hypersomnia	Excessive daytime sleepiness, ± excessive number of hours asleep
	Narcolepsy	Excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, sleep related hallucinations, sleep fragmentation
	PLMD/RLS *	PLMs >5/h on PSG; Restlessness, discomfort in arms or legs that interferes with sleep onset or maintenance, improves with movement
	CRD	Sleep difficulties that conflict with age typical circadian rhythm; When given opportunity sleeps appropriate number of hours for age
	Parasomnia	Sleep walking, sleep talking, confusional arousals, night terrors, REM behavior disorder/dream enactment behavior
Psychiatric	Anxiety	Avoidance, phobias, obsessive compulsive symptoms, generalized anxious feelings
	Depression	Fatigue, irritability, sadness, difficulty concentrating, difficulty with recall, suicidality
	ADHD	Impaired attention, hyperactivity, impaired working memory, impaired working speed
	PTSD	Headaches, decreased psychosocial recovery, sleep disturbance/nightmares, pain, flashbacks, amnesia, irritability/aggression, concentration difficulty

PLMD: periodic limb movement disorder; RLS: restless leg syndrome; CRD: circadian rhythm disorder; ADHD: attention deficit hyperactive disorder; PTSD: post-traumatic stress disorder; PLM: periodic limb movements; PSG: polysomnography; * Note: RLS is a clinical diagnosis and PLMD is a polysomnographic diagnosis.