Fig. (3).

ROS and cardiac hypertrophy molecular signaling pathways. General diagram represents the cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling process to ROS - activated molecular signaling pathways in cardiac myocytes .Pathways include non-receptor protein kinases (PTKs), protein phosphatases (PTPs), Mitogen-activated Protein Kinases (MAPKS) and Nuclear Factor kB (NF-KB). Abbreviations: PTKs: Non-Receptor Protein Kinases; PKB: Protein Kinase B; PKC: Protein Kinase C; PTPs: Protein Phosphatases; MAPKS: Mitogen- Activated Protein Kinases; NF-KB: Nuclear Factor KB; P13K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; ERK: Extracellular Signal- Regulated Kinases; Ang II: Angiotensin II; TNF-α: Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha; JNK: Jun Nuclear Kinase.