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PDE activity, specificity, and cyclic nucleotide effector proteins. PDE4, PDE7, and PDE8 selectively degrade cAMP. PDE5, PDE6, and PDE9 selectively degrade cGMP. PDE1, PDE2, PDE3, PDE10, and PDE11 are dual-specificity phosphodiesterases that hydrolyze both cAMP and cGMP. Downstream effectors include PKA, PKG, Epacs, PDEs, CNG channels and Popeye domain-containing proteins. Adapted from Ahmad et al., 2015 [76].
