Table 1.
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics among study population
| Characteristics | Control (n = 199) | Arm 1 (n = 204) | Arm 2 (n = 197) | Arms 1 vs 2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | p ł | n (%) | p ł | p-value | |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Gender | ||||||
| Men | 81 (40.7) | 94 (46.1) | 0.34 | 99 (50.2) | 0.03 | 0.51 |
| Women | 118 (59.3) | 110 (53.9) | 98 (49.8) | |||
| Age (years) | ||||||
| 35–44 | 134 (67.3) | 25 (12.3) | 0.01 | 18 (9.1) | 0.00 | 0.02 |
| 45–54 | 54 (27.1) | 78 (38.2) | 77 (39.1) | |||
| 55–64 | 11 (5.6) | 94 (46.1) | 63 (31.9) | |||
| 65–74 | – | 7 (3.4) | 39 (19.8) | |||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Currently married | 172 (86.4) | 168 (82.4) | 0.48 | 179 (90.9) | 0.71 | 0.63 |
| Single/ex-married | 27 (13.6) | 36 (17.6) | 18 (9.1) | |||
| Education status | ||||||
| Primary | 13 (6.5) | 17 (8.3) | 0.44 | 11 (5.6) | 0.29 | 0.33 |
| Secondary | 54 (27.1) | 53 (26.0) | 65 (33.0) | |||
| University | 103 (51.8) | 97 (47.5) | 80 (40.6) | |||
| Higher | 29 (14.6) | 37 (18.1) | 41 (20.8) | |||
| Economic status/month | ||||||
| ≤ 1500 US$ | 67 (33.7) | 70 (34.3) | 0.65 | 76 (38.6) | 0.38 | 0.41 |
| > 1500 US$ | 132 (66.3) | 134 (65.7) | 121 (61.4) | |||
| Clinical parameters | ||||||
| Duration of diabetes (years) | ||||||
| 0–5 | 110 (55.3) | 21 (10.3) | 0.01 | 15 (7.6) | 0.01 | 0.57 |
| 6–10 | 74 (37.2) | 97 (47.5) | 73 (37.1) | |||
| > 10 | 15 (7.5) | 86 (42.2) | 109 (55.3) | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| < 18.5/underweight | 63 (31.7) | 65 (31.9) | 0.39 | 71 (36.0) | 0.61 | 0.89 |
| 18.5–24.9/healthy | 100 (50.3) | 91 (44.6) | 95 (48.2) | |||
| 25.0–29.9/overweight | 36 (18.0) | 48 (23.5) | 31 (15.8) | |||
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Congestive heart failure | 21 (10.6) | 59 (28.9) | 0.01 | 98 (49.7) | 0.00 | 0.02 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 29 (14.6) | 36 (17.6) | 37 (18.8) | |||
| Other minors | 43 (21.6) | 51 (25.0) | 48 (24.4) | |||
| None | 106 (53.2) | 58 (28.5) | 14 (7.1) | |||
| Treatment | ||||||
| Oral glycemic agent | 139 (69.8) | 143 (70.1) | 0.28 | 119 (60.4) | 0.35 | 0.55 |
| Insulin | 16 (8.0) | 14 (6.9) | 23 (11.7) | |||
| Combination | 44 (22.2) | 47 (23.0) | 55 (27.9) | |||
| Behavior characteristics | ||||||
| Self-care activities (days/week) | ||||||
| 1–3 | 123 (61.8) | 91 (44.6) | 0.00 | 15 (7.6) | 0.00 | 0.01 |
| 4–7 | 61 (30.7) | 30 (14.7) | 29 (14.7) | |||
| None | 15 (7.5) | 83 (40.7) | 153 (77.7) | |||
| Prior diabetes education | ||||||
| Yes | 73 (36.7) | 78 (38.2) | 0.47 | 74 (37.6) | 0.59 | 0.64 |
| No | 126 (63.3) | 126 (61.8) | 123 (62.4) | |||
BMI body mass index
łp value against control group. * p < 0.05. 1 US$ equivalent to 3.88 MYR. N.B: ethnic distribution was excluded from analysis