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. 2018 Mar 13;2018:5783639. doi: 10.1155/2018/5783639

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Exendin-4 suppressed expression of LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α and receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (RANKL) in vivo. TNF-α and RANKL mRNA levels in mouse calvariae were determined using real-time RT-PCR. Total RNA was isolated from mouse calvariae after 5-day daily supracalvarial injections with PBS, LPS (100 μg/day) with or without exendin-4 (20 μg/day), and exendin-4 alone (20 μg/day). TNF-α and RANKL mRNA levels were normalized to the expression of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Data is expressed as means ± SD. The statistical significance of differences was determined using Scheffe's test (n = 4; ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01).