Table 4.
Outcome measures at pre- and posttesting.
DNI M (SD) [range] {95% CI} |
Learning/exercise M (SD) [range] {95% CI} |
F (1,18) ! | p | η p 2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mental imagery | |||||
MIQ-RS (/7) | |||||
Visual | |||||
Pre | 4.98 (1.56) [1.86–6.71] {3.86–6.10} | 4.74 (1.79) [1.00–6.43] {3.62–5.86} | 5.84 | .02∗ | .245 |
Post | 5.85 (.79) [4.71–7.00] {4.89–6.81} | 4.31 (1.88) [1.00–6.57] {3.35–5.27} | |||
Kinesthetic | |||||
Pre | 5.07 (1.43) [2.29–6.57] {3.99–6.15} | 4.30 (1.79) [1.00–6.29] {3.22–5.38} | 1.69 | .20 | .086 |
Post | 5.47 (1.48) [2.29–7.00] {4.31–6.62} | 4.05 (1.96) [1.00–6.57] {2.90–5.21} | |||
Total | |||||
Pre | 5.02 (1.14) [3.36–6.64] {4.21–5.83} | 4.52 (1.29) [2.50–6.36] {3.71–5.33} | 5.30 | .03∗ | .228 |
Post | 5.66 (.96) [4.14–7.00] {4.85–6.47} | 4.18 (1.43) [2.21–6.57] {3.37–4.99} | |||
KVIQ-20 (/5) | |||||
Visual | |||||
Pre | 3.29 (1.22) [1.30–4.80] {2.58–3.99} | 3.10 (.88) [1.50–4.00] {2.39–3.80} | 6.12 | .02∗ | .254 |
Post | 3.95 (.63) [3.00–4.90] {3.31–4.58} | 2.67 (1.18) [1.00–4.20] {2.03–3.30} | |||
Kinesthetic | |||||
Pre | 3.07 (1.10) [1.00–4.70] {2.44–3.69} | 2.66 (.72) [1.30–3.50] {2.03–3.28} | 6.58 | .01∗ | .268 |
Post | 3.65 (1.18) [1.00–5.00] {2.94–4.35} | 2.39 (.92) [1.00–4.10] {1.68–3.09} | |||
Total | |||||
Pre | 3.18 (.89) [2.00–4.75] {2.69–3.66} | 2.88 (.51) [2.10–3.75] {2.39–3.36} | 9.62 | .00∗∗ | .348 |
Post | 3.80 (.80) [2.50–4.90] {3.27–4.32} | 2.53 (.77) [1.25–3.45] {2.00–3.05} | |||
VMIQ-2† (/12–70) | |||||
External visual | |||||
Pre | 26.10 (11.68) [12.00–47.00] {17.73–34.46} | 32.50 (13.42) [20.00–60.00] {24.13–40.86} | 6.70 | .01∗ | .271 |
Post | 21.20 (6.64) [12.00–31.00] {15.10–27.29} | 36.40 (11.13) [19.00–60.00] {30.30–42.49} | |||
Internal visual | |||||
Pre | 27.70 (15.09) [12.00–56.00] {18.42–36.97} | 33.00 (12.73) [19.00–60.00] {23.72–42.27} | 5.79 | .02∗ | .244 |
Post | 20.00 (7.39) [12.00–35.00] {12.66–27.33} | 36.30 (13.76) [17.00–60.00] {28.96–43.63} | |||
Kinesthetic | |||||
Pre | 29.40 (14.53) [12.00–53.00] {20.33–38.46} | 34.70 (12.69) [14.00–60.00] {25.63–43.76} | 1.96 | .17 | .098 |
Post | 22.10 (11.44) [12.00–48.00] {14.02–30.17} | 34.70 (12.83) [15.00–60.00] {26.62–42.77} | |||
| |||||
Disease severity and psychological | |||||
UPDRS-I† | |||||
Pre | 11.90 (5.19) {7.67–16.12} | 15.00 (7.34) {10.77–19.22} | .00 | 1.00 | .000 |
Post | 10.40 (5.58) {6.15–14.64} | 13.50 (7.10) {9.25–17.74} | |||
UPDRS-II† | |||||
Pre | 16.50 (5.87) {12.82–20.17} | 18.20 (5.18) {14.52–21.87} | .01 | .90 | .001 |
Post | 14.10 (6.17) {10.33–17.86} | 15.60 (5.12) {11.83–19.36} | |||
UPDRS-III† | |||||
Pre | 38.40 (13.87) {29.70–47.09} | 32.10 (12.24) {23.40–40.79} | 4.08 | .05∗ | .185 |
Post | 31.60 (13.85) {22.96–40.23} | 31.20 (12.06) {22.56–39.83} | |||
UPDRS-IV† | |||||
Pre | 3.50 (4.11) {0.89–6.10} | 4.60 (3.71) {1.99–7.20} | .02 | .87 | .001 |
Post | 4.50 (5.03) {1.84–7.15} | 5.40 (2.54) {2.74–8.05} | |||
ABC (%) | |||||
Pre | 78.20 (18.31) {67.14–89.26} | 73.20 (14.79) {62.14–84.26} | .00 | .94 | .000 |
Post | 74.23 (18.02) {67.61–90.27} | 74.23 (18.02) {62.90–85.57} | |||
IPA† | |||||
Pre | 32.60 (21.80) {14.96–50.23} | 43.50 (30.54) {25.86–61.13} | 5.20 | .03∗ | .224 |
Post | 35.00 (22.28) {20.03–49.96} | 36.20 (22.75) {21.23–51.16} | |||
BPI-severity† | |||||
Pre | 2.82 (2.25) {1.22–4.42} | 3.03 (2.56) {1.23–4.82} | .95 | .34 | .056 |
Post | 2.55 (2.25) {1.05–4.04} | 3.28 (2.20) {1.60–4.95} | |||
BPI-interference† | |||||
Pre | 2.44 (1.79) {.86–4.01} | 2.21 (2.90) {.45–3.97} | 2.48 | .13 | .134 |
Post | 1.41 (1.24) {.40–2.42} | 2.14 (1.79) {1.01–3.27} | |||
BDI-II† | |||||
Pre | 12.90 (8.41) {6.93–18.86} | 14.50 (9.51) {8.53–20.46} | .75 | .39 | .040 |
Post | 9.20 (5.82) {4.73–13.66} | 12.40 (7.50) {7.93–16.86} | |||
| |||||
Motor function | |||||
Fwd gait† (meters/sec) | |||||
Pre | 1.08 (.18) {.95–1.21} | 1.06 (.20) {.93–1.19} | .00 | .92 | .001 |
Post | 1.09 (.15) {.98–1.20} | 1.07 (.16) {.96–1.17} | |||
6MWT (meters) | |||||
Pre | 410.52 (127.05) {348.89–472.14} | 393.34 (32.61) {331.72–454.96} | 2.46 | .13 | .120 |
Post | 447.32 (84.22) {399.53–495.11} | 370.05 (57.06) {322.26–417.85} | |||
30-Second Chair Stand (reps) | |||||
Pre | 14.20 (6.52) {10.60–17.80} | 11.10 (4.01) {7.50–14.70} | 1.49 | .23 | .077 |
Post | 16.00 (5.61) {12.69–19.30} | 11.40 (4.24) {8.09–14.70} | |||
Mini-BEST (/28) | |||||
Pre | 22.50 (4.37) {19.68–25.31} | 21.80 (4.10) {18.68–25.31} | 1.60 | .22 | .082 |
Post | 23.30 (3.30) {20.86–25.73} | 21.20 (3.99) {18.76–23.63} | |||
TUG† (sec) | |||||
Pre | 9.00 (2.18) {7.61–10.40} | 9.85 (2.02) {8.45–11.25} | 2.21 | .15 | .110 |
Post | 8.40 (1.85) {7.00–9.80} | 10.26 (2.32) {8.86–11.66} | |||
TUG-cognitive† (sec) | |||||
Pre | 13.72 (8.07) {9.57–17.87} | 12.76 (3.57) {8.61–16.91} | 3.07 | .09 | .146 |
Post | 11.14 (3.21) {6.65–15.63} | 15.61 (9.01) {11.12–20.11} | |||
TUG-manual† (sec) | |||||
Pre | 13.61 (5.44) {10.75–16.46} | 12.69 (2.71) {9.83–15.55} | 4.43 | .05∗ | .198 |
Post | 11.16 (2.76) {9.28–13.03} | 12.99 (2.87) {11.11–14.87} | |||
360° Turn Test (steps)† | |||||
Pre | 10.20 (5.57) {7.43–12.96} | 6.90 (1.91) {4.13–9.66} | 6.63 | .01∗∗ | .269 |
Post | 9.00 (2.53) {6.26–11.73} | 9.70 (5.22) {6.96–12.43} | |||
360° Turn Test (sec)† | |||||
Pre | 4.23 (2.98) {2.75–5.70} | 3.12 (.95) {1.64–4.59} | 7.58 | .01∗∗ | .296 |
Post | 3.38 (1.46) {1.96–4.80} | 4.69 (2.64) {3.27–6.11} | |||
PRT (/4) | |||||
Pre | 2.80 (1.31) {2.07–3.52} | 2.70 (.82) {1.97–3.42} | 5.68 | .02∗ | .240 |
Post | 3.40 (.84) {2.82–3.97} | 2.10 (.87) {1.52–2.67} | |||
| |||||
Cognitive function | |||||
Trail A† (sec) | |||||
Pre | 27.46 (10.33) {20.64–34.28} | 30.44 (10.19) {23.62–37.26} | 1.24 | .27 | .065 |
Post | 28.19 (7.03) {23.51–32.88} | 27.68 (7.06) {23.00–32.37} | |||
Trail B† (sec) | |||||
Pre | 78.26 (52.49) {32.03–124.49} | 95.79 (83.23) {49.56–142.02} | .01 | .90 | .001 |
Post | 68.29 (29.35) {28.34–108.23} | 87.52 (79.80) {47.58–127.47} | |||
Trails B-A† (sec) | |||||
Pre | 50.79 (45.11) {8.70–92.89} | 65.34 (77.42) {23.24–107.44} | .18 | .66 | .010 |
Post | 40.09 (25.35) {2.91–77.27} | 59.84 (74.97) {22.66–97.02} | |||
Corsi-trials | |||||
Pre | 6.30 (1.82) {4.91–7.68} | 6.70 (2.31) {5.31–8.08} | 1.87 | .18 | .094 |
Post | 7.30 (1.49) {5.97–8.62} | 6.80 (2.39) {5.47–8.12} | |||
Corsi-span | |||||
Pre | 4.70 (1.15) {3.98–5.41} | 4.90 (.99) {4.18–5.61} | 1.05 | .31 | .055 |
Post | 5.30 (1.05) {4.47–6.13} | 5.00 (1.41) {4.17–5.83} | |||
BSM | |||||
Pre | 72.40 (14.07) {58.92–85.87} | 66.40 (24.99) {52.92–79.87} | .19 | .66 | .011 |
Post | 77.60 (14.56) {65.53–89.66} | 68.20 (21.15) {56.13–80.26} | |||
BPST-trials | |||||
Pre | 4.10 (1.52) {3.14–5.05} | 4.40 (1.34) {3.44–5.35} | .48 | .49 | .026 |
Post | 4.70 (1.56) {3.48–5.91} | 4.60 (2.06) {3.38–5.81} | |||
BPST-span | |||||
Pre | 3.40 (.69) {2.60–4.19} | 4.20 (1.54) {3.40–4.99} | 6.68 | .01∗∗ | .271 |
Post | 3.90 (.99) {3.19–4.60} | 3.80 (1.13) {3.09–4.50} |
Note: values represent group × time interactions. MIQ-RS = Movement Imagery Questionnaire-Revised Second Version; KVIQ = Kinesthetic and Visual Imagery Questionnaire; VMIQ = Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire-Revised Version; UPDRS = Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Sub-Scales; ABC = Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale; IPA = Impact on Participation and Autonomy Scale Questionnaire; BPI = Brief Pain Inventory; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; 6MWT = 6-Minute Walk Test; TUG = Timed Up and Go; FAB = Fullerton Advanced Balance Scale; DGI = Dynamic Gait Index; PRT = Push and Release Test; BSM = Brooks Spatial Memory Task; BPST = Body Position Spatial Task. !Differences were calculated using mixed-design ANOVA. ∗p < .05. ∗∗p < .01. †Lower values represent better scores.