Skip to main content
. 2018 Mar 14;2018:6168507. doi: 10.1155/2018/6168507

Table 4.

Outcome measures at pre- and posttesting.

DNI
M (SD) [range] {95% CI}
Learning/exercise
M (SD) [range] {95% CI}
F (1,18) ! p η p 2
Mental imagery
MIQ-RS (/7)
Visual
 Pre 4.98 (1.56) [1.86–6.71] {3.86–6.10} 4.74 (1.79) [1.00–6.43] {3.62–5.86} 5.84 .02 .245
 Post 5.85 (.79) [4.71–7.00] {4.89–6.81} 4.31 (1.88) [1.00–6.57] {3.35–5.27}
Kinesthetic
 Pre 5.07 (1.43) [2.29–6.57] {3.99–6.15} 4.30 (1.79) [1.00–6.29] {3.22–5.38} 1.69 .20 .086
 Post 5.47 (1.48) [2.29–7.00] {4.31–6.62} 4.05 (1.96) [1.00–6.57] {2.90–5.21}
Total
 Pre 5.02 (1.14) [3.36–6.64] {4.21–5.83} 4.52 (1.29) [2.50–6.36] {3.71–5.33} 5.30 .03 .228
 Post 5.66 (.96) [4.14–7.00] {4.85–6.47} 4.18 (1.43) [2.21–6.57] {3.37–4.99}
KVIQ-20 (/5)
Visual
 Pre 3.29 (1.22) [1.30–4.80] {2.58–3.99} 3.10 (.88) [1.50–4.00] {2.39–3.80} 6.12 .02 .254
 Post 3.95 (.63) [3.00–4.90] {3.31–4.58} 2.67 (1.18) [1.00–4.20] {2.03–3.30}
Kinesthetic
 Pre 3.07 (1.10) [1.00–4.70] {2.44–3.69} 2.66 (.72) [1.30–3.50] {2.03–3.28} 6.58 .01 .268
 Post 3.65 (1.18) [1.00–5.00] {2.94–4.35} 2.39 (.92) [1.00–4.10] {1.68–3.09}
Total
 Pre 3.18 (.89) [2.00–4.75] {2.69–3.66} 2.88 (.51) [2.10–3.75] {2.39–3.36} 9.62 .00∗∗ .348
 Post 3.80 (.80) [2.50–4.90] {3.27–4.32} 2.53 (.77) [1.25–3.45] {2.00–3.05}
VMIQ-2 (/12–70)
External visual
 Pre 26.10 (11.68) [12.00–47.00] {17.73–34.46} 32.50 (13.42) [20.00–60.00] {24.13–40.86} 6.70 .01 .271
 Post 21.20 (6.64) [12.00–31.00] {15.10–27.29} 36.40 (11.13) [19.00–60.00] {30.30–42.49}
Internal visual
 Pre 27.70 (15.09) [12.00–56.00] {18.42–36.97} 33.00 (12.73) [19.00–60.00] {23.72–42.27} 5.79 .02 .244
 Post 20.00 (7.39) [12.00–35.00] {12.66–27.33} 36.30 (13.76) [17.00–60.00] {28.96–43.63}
Kinesthetic
 Pre 29.40 (14.53) [12.00–53.00] {20.33–38.46} 34.70 (12.69) [14.00–60.00] {25.63–43.76} 1.96 .17 .098
 Post 22.10 (11.44) [12.00–48.00] {14.02–30.17} 34.70 (12.83) [15.00–60.00] {26.62–42.77}

Disease severity and psychological
UPDRS-I
 Pre 11.90 (5.19) {7.67–16.12} 15.00 (7.34) {10.77–19.22} .00 1.00 .000
 Post 10.40 (5.58) {6.15–14.64} 13.50 (7.10) {9.25–17.74}
UPDRS-II
 Pre 16.50 (5.87) {12.82–20.17} 18.20 (5.18) {14.52–21.87} .01 .90 .001
 Post 14.10 (6.17) {10.33–17.86} 15.60 (5.12) {11.83–19.36}
UPDRS-III
 Pre 38.40 (13.87) {29.70–47.09} 32.10 (12.24) {23.40–40.79} 4.08 .05 .185
 Post 31.60 (13.85) {22.96–40.23} 31.20 (12.06) {22.56–39.83}
UPDRS-IV
 Pre 3.50 (4.11) {0.89–6.10} 4.60 (3.71) {1.99–7.20} .02 .87 .001
 Post 4.50 (5.03) {1.84–7.15} 5.40 (2.54) {2.74–8.05}
ABC (%)
 Pre 78.20 (18.31) {67.14–89.26} 73.20 (14.79) {62.14–84.26} .00 .94 .000
 Post 74.23 (18.02) {67.61–90.27} 74.23 (18.02) {62.90–85.57}
IPA
 Pre 32.60 (21.80) {14.96–50.23} 43.50 (30.54) {25.86–61.13} 5.20 .03 .224
 Post 35.00 (22.28) {20.03–49.96} 36.20 (22.75) {21.23–51.16}
BPI-severity
 Pre 2.82 (2.25) {1.22–4.42} 3.03 (2.56) {1.23–4.82} .95 .34 .056
 Post 2.55 (2.25) {1.05–4.04} 3.28 (2.20) {1.60–4.95}
BPI-interference
 Pre 2.44 (1.79) {.86–4.01} 2.21 (2.90) {.45–3.97} 2.48 .13 .134
 Post 1.41 (1.24) {.40–2.42} 2.14 (1.79) {1.01–3.27}
BDI-II
 Pre 12.90 (8.41) {6.93–18.86} 14.50 (9.51) {8.53–20.46} .75 .39 .040
 Post 9.20 (5.82) {4.73–13.66} 12.40 (7.50) {7.93–16.86}

Motor function
Fwd gait (meters/sec)
 Pre 1.08 (.18) {.95–1.21} 1.06 (.20) {.93–1.19} .00 .92 .001
 Post 1.09 (.15) {.98–1.20} 1.07 (.16) {.96–1.17}
6MWT (meters)
 Pre 410.52 (127.05) {348.89–472.14} 393.34 (32.61) {331.72–454.96} 2.46 .13 .120
 Post 447.32 (84.22) {399.53–495.11} 370.05 (57.06) {322.26–417.85}
30-Second Chair Stand (reps)
 Pre 14.20 (6.52) {10.60–17.80} 11.10 (4.01) {7.50–14.70} 1.49 .23 .077
 Post 16.00 (5.61) {12.69–19.30} 11.40 (4.24) {8.09–14.70}
Mini-BEST (/28)
 Pre 22.50 (4.37) {19.68–25.31} 21.80 (4.10) {18.68–25.31} 1.60 .22 .082
 Post 23.30 (3.30) {20.86–25.73} 21.20 (3.99) {18.76–23.63}
TUG (sec)
 Pre 9.00 (2.18) {7.61–10.40} 9.85 (2.02) {8.45–11.25} 2.21 .15 .110
 Post 8.40 (1.85) {7.00–9.80} 10.26 (2.32) {8.86–11.66}
TUG-cognitive (sec)
 Pre 13.72 (8.07) {9.57–17.87} 12.76 (3.57) {8.61–16.91} 3.07 .09 .146
 Post 11.14 (3.21) {6.65–15.63} 15.61 (9.01) {11.12–20.11}
TUG-manual (sec)
 Pre 13.61 (5.44) {10.75–16.46} 12.69 (2.71) {9.83–15.55} 4.43 .05 .198
 Post 11.16 (2.76) {9.28–13.03} 12.99 (2.87) {11.11–14.87}
360° Turn Test (steps)
 Pre 10.20 (5.57) {7.43–12.96} 6.90 (1.91) {4.13–9.66} 6.63 .01∗∗ .269
 Post 9.00 (2.53) {6.26–11.73} 9.70 (5.22) {6.96–12.43}
360° Turn Test (sec)
 Pre 4.23 (2.98) {2.75–5.70} 3.12 (.95) {1.64–4.59} 7.58 .01∗∗ .296
 Post 3.38 (1.46) {1.96–4.80} 4.69 (2.64) {3.27–6.11}
PRT (/4)
 Pre 2.80 (1.31) {2.07–3.52} 2.70 (.82) {1.97–3.42} 5.68 .02 .240
 Post 3.40 (.84) {2.82–3.97} 2.10 (.87) {1.52–2.67}

Cognitive function
Trail A (sec)
 Pre 27.46 (10.33) {20.64–34.28} 30.44 (10.19) {23.62–37.26} 1.24 .27 .065
 Post 28.19 (7.03) {23.51–32.88} 27.68 (7.06) {23.00–32.37}
Trail B (sec)
 Pre 78.26 (52.49) {32.03–124.49} 95.79 (83.23) {49.56–142.02} .01 .90 .001
 Post 68.29 (29.35) {28.34–108.23} 87.52 (79.80) {47.58–127.47}
Trails B-A (sec)
 Pre 50.79 (45.11) {8.70–92.89} 65.34 (77.42) {23.24–107.44} .18 .66 .010
 Post 40.09 (25.35) {2.91–77.27} 59.84 (74.97) {22.66–97.02}
Corsi-trials
 Pre 6.30 (1.82) {4.91–7.68} 6.70 (2.31) {5.31–8.08} 1.87 .18 .094
 Post 7.30 (1.49) {5.97–8.62} 6.80 (2.39) {5.47–8.12}
Corsi-span
 Pre 4.70 (1.15) {3.98–5.41} 4.90 (.99) {4.18–5.61} 1.05 .31 .055
 Post 5.30 (1.05) {4.47–6.13} 5.00 (1.41) {4.17–5.83}
BSM
 Pre 72.40 (14.07) {58.92–85.87} 66.40 (24.99) {52.92–79.87} .19 .66 .011
 Post 77.60 (14.56) {65.53–89.66} 68.20 (21.15) {56.13–80.26}
BPST-trials
 Pre 4.10 (1.52) {3.14–5.05} 4.40 (1.34) {3.44–5.35} .48 .49 .026
 Post 4.70 (1.56) {3.48–5.91} 4.60 (2.06) {3.38–5.81}
BPST-span
 Pre 3.40 (.69) {2.60–4.19} 4.20 (1.54) {3.40–4.99} 6.68 .01∗∗ .271
 Post 3.90 (.99) {3.19–4.60} 3.80 (1.13) {3.09–4.50}

Note: values represent group × time interactions. MIQ-RS = Movement Imagery Questionnaire-Revised Second Version; KVIQ = Kinesthetic and Visual Imagery Questionnaire; VMIQ = Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire-Revised Version; UPDRS = Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Sub-Scales; ABC = Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale; IPA = Impact on Participation and Autonomy Scale Questionnaire; BPI = Brief Pain Inventory; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; 6MWT = 6-Minute Walk Test; TUG = Timed Up and Go; FAB = Fullerton Advanced Balance Scale; DGI = Dynamic Gait Index; PRT = Push and Release Test; BSM = Brooks Spatial Memory Task; BPST = Body Position Spatial Task. !Differences were calculated using mixed-design ANOVA. p < .05. ∗∗p < .01. Lower values represent better scores.

HHS Vulnerability Disclosure