Table 1.
Summary of human intervention studies with viscous dietary fiber on GE rate and postprandial glucose metabolism.
| Participants | Design | Intervention | Method | GE Rate | Metabolic Outcomes | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 13 healthy adults (6 men, 7 women) | 2-week isocaloric low-fiber diet followed by 4-week low fiber diet + supplement | 20 g/day apple pectin baked in muffins or 20 g/day cellulose supplement as control fiber | Scintigraphy Solid meal (545 kcal, 74% CHO, 23% Protein, 1% fat) |
↑ T1/2 | ↔ glucose | [115] |
| 12 non-insulin dependent T2DM patients (7 men, 5 women) | 2-week isocaloric low-fiber diet followed by 4-week low fiber diet + supplement | 20 g/day apple pectin baked in muffins | Scintigraphy Solid meal (690 kcal, 43% CHO, 43% Protein, 23% fat) |
↑ T1/2 | ↓ iAUC glucose | [114] |
| 7 male T2DM patients (BMI 20–30 kg/m2) | Acute crossover study | 5 g sodium-alginate, control drink without supplement | Scintigraphy Semi-solid meal (340 kcal, 48% CHO, 13% protein, 39% fat) | ↑ T1/2 | ↓ postprandial peak insulin ↓ postprandial peak glucose |
[117] |
| 10 healthy men | Acute crossover study | 2 g agar or 4 g pectin, control drink without supplement |
13C-acetate breath test Semi-solid meal (400 kcal, 32% CHO, 8% protein, 39% fat) |
↑ T1/2 ↑ Tlag | ↔ AUC glucose | [116] |
| 10 healthy adults (4 men, 6 woman) | 8 Acute crossover study | Pasta meal supplemented with 1.7 g psyllium and with or without added sunflower oil | Paracetamol absorption High-fat solid meal (510 kcal, 45% CHO, 1% protein, 52% fat) Low-fat solid meal (240 kcal, 96% CHO, 3% protein) |
↔ AUC paracetamol | ↔ glucose ↔ insulin ↔ GLP-1 |
[119] |
| 15 healthy adults (3 men, 12 women) | Acute crossover study | High molecular weight 12.8 g, β-glucan (25% purity), low molecular weight 3.6 g β-glucan (75% purity), control without supplement |
13C-acetate breath test Liquid meal (189–192 kcal, 60–67% CHO, 7–10% protein, 27–29% fat) |
↑ T1/2
↑ Tlag |
↓ iAUC0–60min | [118] |
CHO carbohydrate; T1/2 gastric emptying half time; Tlag initial gastric emptying rate; AUC area under the curve; iAUC incremental area under the curve; % Percentage of total energy intake.