Table 1.
Summary of studies investigating n-3 PUFAs in proliferating and differentiating myoblasts.
| Source | Treatment | Cell Line | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Smith, et al. [141] | 50 μM EPA 1–10 nM PIF |
C2C12 | EPA ↓ protein degradation in PIF treated myoblasts |
| Magee, et al. [87] | 50 μM EPA 20 ng/mL TNF-α |
C2C12 | EPA ↓ the negative effects TNF-α via ↓ NF-κB expression. EPA ↑ PPARγ expression |
| Lee, et al. [140] | 1–10 μM DHA 48 h 1–10 μM EPA 48 h |
C2C12 | DHA ↑ cell proliferation at 10µM concentration only. EPA has no effect on proliferation between 0 and10 µM. EPA and DHA were no investigated in the context of differentiation in this study |
| Magee, et al. [88] | 50 μM EPA 24 h 20 TNF-α ng/mL 24 h |
C2C12 | EPA ↓ the negative effects TNFα has on cell death, apoptosis and myotube formation by ↑ PPARγ expression via the NfKB signaling pathway. |
| Peng, et al. [131] | 10–100 μM DHA 24 h 10–100 μM EPA 24 h |
C2C12 | EPA and DHA ↓ cell proliferation in dose dependent manner DHA and EPA ↓ protein levels of Cyclin D and Cyclin E and CDK2. EPA and DHA ↓ ERK1/2 protein expression |
| Briolay, et al. [79] | 20 μM DHA 72 h 20 μM EPA 72 h |
L6 | Treating cells with EPA and DHA ↑ fusion index. This is accompanied by ↑ in p70S6K1, and membrane bund protein caveolin-3 that is associated with fusion. |
| Luo, et al. [139] | 400–600 μM EPA 10 days | C2C12 | EPA in high doses of 400–600 µM induces transdifferentiation of myoblasts to adipocytes by ↓ Wnt/β-catanin signalling through PPARγ |
| Saini, et al. [135] | 50 μM EPA 36 h & 72 h 750 μM PAL 36 h & 72 h |
C2 | EPA ↓ palmitate induced cell death via affecting the MAPK pathway. EPA can protect cells from MAPK induced cell death and myogenic suppression but not against of Id3/caspase induced apoptosis EPA ↑ MyoD |
Abbreviations: Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), Docosahexanenoic acid (DHA) Alpha linolenic acid (ALA), Proteolysis inducing factor (PIF), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- α), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB), Peroxisome proliferator activated-receptor gamma (PPARγ), Cyclin dependany kinase 2 (CDK2), Palmitate (PAL). ↑/↓ indicates the trend.