Table 2.

Summary of studies investigating the effects of PUFAs in full differentiated myotubes.

Publication	Treatment	Outcome
Bryner, et al. [96]	100 μM DHA 500 μM PAL	DHA attenuates ↓ tube size by PAL
Wang, et.al [69]	300–700 μM DHA 300–700 μM EPA	EPA and DHA ↓ total protein degradation in a dose response manner DHA and EPA ↓ protein degradation by regulating the IkBα/NFκB signalling DHA is more effective in preventing degradation than EPA
Kamolrat and Gray [122]	50 μM DHA 50 μM EPA	EPA ↑ MPS and ↓ MPB DHA has no effect on MPS or MPB at 50 μM
Lee, et al. [142]	1–50 μM DHA, 1–50 μM EPA	DHA and EPA both ↑ UCP3 AICAR synergistically ↑ UCP3 activity when co-treated with DHA or EPA
Woodworth-Hobbs, et al. [143]	100 μM DHA 500 μM PAL	DHA ↓ proteolysis by palmitate in a time dependent manner and counteracts the effects of PAL by restoring Akt activity, ↓ FOXO activity ↓ and atrogin expression.
Lee, et al. [91]	1–50 μM DHA 1–50 μM EPA	EPA and DHA ↑ PGC-1α, NRF-1 and Tfam gene expression and ↑ PGC-1α promoter activity
Chen, et al. [144]	50 μM DHA 50 μM EPA, 50 μM AA 750 μM PAL	The negative effects of PAL on AMPK phosphorylation GLUT4 mRNA expression and basal glucose uptake were ↓ by AA, DHA and EPA. The expression of genes associated with protein degradation was ↓ by EPA, DHA and AA
Pinel, et al. [95]	50 μM DHA 50 μM EPA 50 μM ALA 500 μM PAL	EPA and DHA ↑ membrane fluidity which may improve glucose uptake.EPA and DHA ↑ key gene involved in β-oxidation.

Abbreviations: Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), Docosahexanenoic acid (DHA) ), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB), Peroxisome proliferator activated-receptor gamma (PPARγ), Palmitate (PAL), Muscle protein synthesis (MPS) Muscle protein breakdown (MPB), Uncoupling protein-3 (UCP3), 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR), AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK), Forkhead box O (FOXO), Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α). ↑/↓ indicates the trend.