Table 2.
Characteristics of the included studies for the meta-analyses.
| Study | Study Design | Age (Years) | Race | N (Patients) | Prevalence (%) | Definition of Glaucoma | Adjusted Covariates | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glaucoma (Undefined) | OAG | N (Total) | Cases/Total | |||||||
| Coleman 2008 [23] | cross-sectional | cohort | >65 | Caucasian/African | 95 | 1155 | 8.23 | Based on ONH photographs and VF | Study sites, age, race and ethnicity, education, smoking, alcohol, walking for exercise, BMI, self-rated health status, self-reported diabetes, self-reported hypertension, and age-related macular degeneration. | |
| Giaconi 2012 [22] | cross-sectional | case-control | >65 | African | 77 | 584 | 13.18 | Based on ONH photographs and VF | Study sites, age, education, smoking, alcohol, walking for exercise, BMI, self-rated health status, self-reported diabetes, and self-reported hypertension. | |
| Kang 2003 [24] | prospective | cohort | >40 | Caucasian/African | 474 | 116,484 | 0.41 | Self-reported glaucoma, confirmed with medical records | African heritage, diabetes, hypertension, BMI, physical activity, alcohol intake, and smoking. | |
| Ramdas 2012 [1] | prospective | cohort | ≥55 | Caucasian | 91 | 3502 | 2.60 | Based on slitlamp, ONH (photographs and scans), and VF | Age, gender, IOP, IOP-lowering treatment, BMI, beta-carotene, vitamin B1, B12, E, and magnesium. | |
| Wang 2013 [21] | cross-sectional | cohort | ≥40 | Multiracial | 203 | 2912 | 6.97 | Self-reported glaucoma | Age, demographic variables, smoking, alcohol, self-reported general health condition, and self-reported diabetic retinopathy. | |
OAG = open-angle glaucoma; VF = Visual field; ONH = Optic nerve head appearance; IOP = Intraocular pressure; BMI = Body mass index.