Table 1.

List of Cherry studies investigating biological or clinical markers for pre-disease and disease conditions.

Medical Condition	Investigators Who Examined the Effect of Cherries or Cherry Products on Markers for Listed Conditions
Oxidative stress	Total studies 10. ↓ in 8 studies [37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45]. No change in 2 studies [46,47].
Inflammation	Total studies 16. ↓ in 11 studies [37,38,39,40,41,44,46,48,49,50,51,52]. ↑ in 1 study [53]. No change in 4 studies [47,54,55,56].
Exercise induced pain, muscle damage, and recovery	Total studies 9. ↓ Pain, soreness, or muscle damage in 8 studies [37,39,41,44,46,49,57,58]. No change in 1 study [47].
Risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disease	↓ HbA1C in diabetic women [59]; no change in fasting glucose or insulin [23,45,51] in healthy subjects; ↓VLDL & TG/HDL ratio in obese [52] but no change in VLDL, LDL, HDL, TG, lipoprotein particle size and number in healthy [23,42,45]. ↓ SBP [51,54,60,61]; ↓ both SBP and DBP [59,62]; No change in either SBP or DBP [42]. ↓ ENRAGE, EN-1, PAI-1 [51]
Arthritis and associated risk factors	↓ gout attacks [63,64]; ↓ Osteoarthritis [55]; ↓ plasma uric acid [40,52,63]
Sleep	Total 4 studies. ↑ quantity and quality of sleep [38,39,53,65,66]
Stress, anxiety, mood, memory and cognitive functions	↓ Urinary cortisol, stress, anxiety, and improved memory, mood, and cognitive functions [19,38]. NC in cognitive functions within 5 h of a TC concentrate [60]. Serum cortisol ↓ [41,46] and NC [50].

VLDL, very low density lipoprotein; TG/HDL, triglycerides/high-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; ET-1, endothelin-1; ENRAGE, extracellular newly identified ligand for the receptor for advanced glycation end products; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; NC, no change; TC, tart cherry.