Table 2.
Effects of cherries and products made from cherries on biological and clinical markers of human health.
| Reference | Study Subjects | Study Design | Treatment | Major Findings | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oxidative Stress | |||||
| [37] | 10 well trained male athletes (27.8 ± 1.6 y., Mean ± SD) | CO, 7 d prior, 1 d of single leg extensions and 2 d post exercise; W/O 2 wk. | 30 mL TCJ or placebo (isoenergetic fruit concentrate) b.i.d. | Recovery of maximum voluntary contractions faster after TCJ than placebo. | No effect of TCJ on serum CRP, nitrotyrosine and CK. |
| [38,66] | Young, middle aged and elderly (3 M + 3 F in each group, 20–30, 45–55, 65–75 y.), | Before and after treatment, 3 d each. | 3 d basal level and 3 d SC powder. (141 g cherries/serving) b.i.d. | Total sleeping time, immobility, and antioxidant capacity SC powder > basal level. Sleep latency SC < basal. | SC powder improved sleep and antioxidant status in all age groups. |
| [40] | 10 healthy women, 22–40 y. | Blood and urine collected at 0, 1.5, 3 and 5 h after treatment. | Single bolus of Bing sweet cherries (SC), (280 g). | ↓ in plasma ORAC and FRAP, and ↑ in urinary UA at 1.5, 3 and 5 h; ↓ in plasma UA at 5 h. | SC intake ↓ plasma oxidative stress and UA. |
| [41] | 27 endurance trained runners or triathletes (21.8 ± 3.9 y, Mean ± SD) | Parallel, PC, 10 d. Blood samples taken pre, 60 min, 24 and 48 h post exercise. | Same supplements and protocol as above. TC n = 11 and placebo n = 18. | TC improved marathon time and ↓ markers of muscle catabolism (creatinine, total protein and cortisol) oxidative stress and inflammation when compared with placebo. | TC supplements may improve recovery from exercise-induced stress. |
| [42] | 47 healthy adults (30–50 y.) | Randomized, parallel, PC, 6 wk. | 30 mL TC concentrate (anthocyanins 270 mg/d) or placebo. | ↑ FRAP, but no difference in SBP, DBP, CRP, total- and HDL-C. | Lack of an effect on BP may be due to low dose of anthocyanins and healthy participants. |
| [43] | 6 M + 6 F (61–75 y.) | Randomized, CO, PC, 2 wk. each treatment, W/O 4 wk. | 240 mL TCJ or placebo (Kool Aid) b.i.d. | TCJ ↓ plasma F2-isoprostane and urinary 8-hydroxyguanosine, placebo had no effect. | TCJ ↓oxidative stress in elderly. |
| [46] | 23 resistance trained men (20.9 ± 2.6 y., Mean ± SD) | Randomized, parallel, PC, 10 d. Blood samples taken pre, 60 min., 24 and 48 h post exercise. | TC (n = 11) or placebo (n = 12) powder (480 mg/d) 7 d pre-, 2 d post-and d of exercise. (TC powder approx. equals 300 mL TCJ). | TC ↓ post-exercise muscle soreness. 48 h post-exercise AST, ALT and creatinine ↓ by TC compared with pre-. No change in serum markers of oxidative stress and inflammation. | TC improved recovery and muscle soreness but not markers of oxidative stress and inflammation. |
| [47] | 9 highly-trained male Water polo players (18.6 ± 1.4 y., Mean ± SD) | Randomized, CO, PC, each period 7 d. W/O 5 wk. Blood drawn d 1 before supplement, d 6 pre- and post exercise; d 7 pre-exercise. | 30 mL TCJ or placebo in a.m. and 60 mL p.m. after exercise on d 1–7 (total equivalent to 270 TC/d). | D 6 post exercise IL-6 TCJ > placebo. CRP, UA, F2 isoprostane on all test days and IL-6 on d 1 and 7 did not differ between TCJ and placebo. No difference in measures of performance and recovery. | Non-weight bearing sports may not have caused substantial oxidative stress and inflammation to observe any benefits of TCJ. |
| [44] | 16 trained cyclists (30 ± 8 y., Mean ± SD) | Randomized, CO, PC, TCJ or placebo 8 d; W/O 14 d. Stochastic cycling on d 5, 6, 7. | 30 mL TCJ conc. or placebo (Kool Aid) at 8 a.m. and 6 p.m. (approx. 200 TC/d). | Serum CRP, IL-6, and lipid hydroperoxides TCJ < placebo in blood samples taken on post-trial d 5, 6 and 7. | TCJ ↓ cycling induced CRP, IL-6 and lipid peroxidation. |
| [45] | Same as in reference #19 | FBG and urinary anti-oxidant capacity measured, before, 5 d after, and 1 d post SC supplement. | Same as in reference #19. | No difference in FBG, but urinary antioxidant capacity ↑ when compared to placebo. | Since anthocyanins improve insulin secretion, it is possible that SC may ↓ FBG if monitored within 2 h of their intake. |
| Inflammation | |||||
| [48] | Healthy 11 M + 1F (26 ± 3 y., Mean ± SD,) | Randomized, CO, 2 doses. Blood drawn at 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 24, 26, and 48 h after TCJ intake. W/O 10 d. | 30 or 60 mL TCJ (apporx.100 or 200 TC). | Serum CRP and UA ↓ within 3 h of TCJ intake and remained low until 8 h; Urinary UA ↑ within 3 h and returned to basal level at 8 h | The dose of the TCJ had no effect, suggesting 30 mL TCJ was adequate to provide maximum effect. |
| [37] | 10 well trained male athletes (27.8 ± 1.6 y., Mean ± SD) | CO, 7 d prior, 1 d of single leg extensions and 2 d post exercise; W/O 2 wk. | 30 mL TCJ or placebo (isoenergetic fruit concentrate) b.i.d. | Recovery of maximum voluntary contractions faster after TCJ than placebo. | No effect of TCJ on serum CRP, nitrotyrosine and CK. |
| [39] | 13 M + 7 F, (37 ± 13 y., Mean ± SD,) marathon athletes | Parallel, PC; TCJ (7M + 3 F), placebo (6 M + 4 F) 5 d before, 1 d during and 2 d post-race. | 240 mL TCJ or placebo (Kool Aid) b.i.d. (approx. 100 TC/d). | Exercise associated ↑ in serumCRP, IL-6, muscle damage and pain, Placebo > TCJ. Total serum antioxidant status TCJ > placebo. | TCJ ↓ marathon induced inflammation and pain. |
| [40] | 10 healthy women, 22–40 y. | Blood and urine collected at 0, 1.5, 3 and 5 h after treatment. | Single bolus of Bing sweet cherries (SC), (280 g). | ↓ in plasma ORAC and FRAP, and ↑ in urinary UA at 1.5, 3 and 5 h; ↓ in plasma UA at 5 h | SC intake ↓ plasma oxidative stress and UA. |
| [41] | 27 endurance trained runners or triathletes (21.8 ± 3.9 y, Mean ± SD) | Parallel, PC, 10 d. Blood samples taken pre, 60 min., 24 and 48 h post exercise. | Same supplements and protocol as above. TC n = 11 and placebo n = 18. | TC improved marathon time and ↓ markers of muscle catabolism (creatinine, total protein and cortisol) oxidative stress and inflammation when compared with placebo. | TC supplements may improve recovery from exercise-induced stress. |
| [46] | 23 resistance trained men (20.9 ± 2.6 y., Mean ± SD) | Randomized, parallel, PC, 10 d. Blood samples taken pre, 60 min., 24 and 48 h post exercise. | TC (n = 11) or placebo (n = 12) powder (480 mg/d) 7 d pre-, 2 d post-and d of exercise. (TC powder approx. equals 300 mL TCJ). | TC ↓ post-exercise muscle soreness. 48 h post-exercise AST, ALT and creatinine ↓ by TC compared with pre-. No change in serum markers of oxidative stress and inflammation. | TC improved recovery and muscle soreness but not markers of oxidative stress and inflammation. |
| [47] | 9 highly-trained male Water polo players (18.6 ± 1.4 y., Mean ± SD) | Randomized, CO, PC, each period 7 d. W/O 5 wk. Blood drawn d 1 before supplement, d 6 pre- and post exercise; d 7 pre-exercise. | 30 mL TCJ or placebo in a.m. and 60 mL p.m. after exercise on d 1–7 (total equivalent to 270 TC/d). | D 6 post exercise IL-6 TCJ > placebo. CRP, UA, F2 isoprostane on all test days and IL-6 on d 1 and 7 did not differ between TCJ and placebo. No difference in measures of performance and recovery. | Non-weight bearing sports may not have caused substantial oxidative stress and inflammation to observe any benefits of TCJ. |
| [44] | 16 trained cyclists (30 ± 8 y., Mean ± SD) | Randomized, CO, PC, TCJ or placebo 8 d; W/O 14 d. Stochastic cycling on d 5, 6, 7. | 30 mL TCJ conc. or placebo (Kool Aid) at 8 a.m. and 6 p.m. (approx. 200 TC/d). | Serum CRP, IL-6, and lipid hydroperoxides TCJ < placebo in blood samples taken on post-trial d 5, 6, and 7. | TCJ ↓ cycling induced CRP, IL-6 and lipid peroxidation. |
| [49] | 16 healthy male soccer players | Randomized, CO, PC, TCJ or placebo 8 d; baseline, 24, 48, 72 h post exercise. | 30 mL TCJ conc. or placebo (Kool Aid) twice a day. | TCJ improved performance, recovery and muscle soreness, and ↓ serum IL-6. | No effect of TCJ on LOOH and CK, and CRP. |
| [50] | 20 marathon runners | Randomized, TCJ (7 M + 3 F) or placebo (6 M + 4 F) 5 d before, 1 d during and 2 d post-race. | TCJ or placebo as listed in 41. | Incidence and severity of URTS and ↑ in plasma CRP at 24 and 48 post race was greater in placebo than TCJ. | TCJ ↓ post-marathon development of URTS. |
| [51] | 2 M + 16 F, 45–61 y., BMI 20–30 kg/m2, mild ↑ in CRP | CO with blood drawn at −7, 0, 14 and 28 d of SC intake; also 28 d after discontinuation. | 280 g depitted SC/d (45 SC) replacing dietary carbohydrates. | SC ↓ plasma conc. of CRP, IL-18, ENRAGE, PAI-1, ET-1, TNF α, EGF, ferritin, RANTES, NO and ↑ IL-1Ra. | SC intake ↓ plasma markers of CVD, arthritis, hypertension, diabetes, cancer and inflammation. |
| [52] | 10 over weight and obese, (38.1 ± 12.5 y., BMI 32.2 ± 4.6). | Randomized, CO, TCJ or placebo beverage 4 wk.; W/O 2 wk. | 240 mL TCJ or placebo beverage/d. | TCJ ↓ serum UA, TNF α, MCP-1, ESR, TG, and VLDL compared with placebo. | TCJ ↓ inflammation and risk factors for gout and CVD. |
| [54] | 49 subjs over the age of 70 with dementia | Randomized, parallel, PC, n = 24 in SC, and 25 in placebo groups. | 200 mL Bing SC or apple juice once a day for 12 wk. Responses tested at 6 and 12 wk. | SCJ improved verbal fluency, short term memory and ↓ SBP both at 6 and 12 weeks. No change in fasting serum IL-6 and CRP. | 200 mL of SCJ provided 138 mg anthocyanins/d, which may not be enough to ↓ inflammation. |
| [55] | 44 M + 14 F (56.7 ± 11.3 y. non-diabetic grade 2–3 OA patients | Randomized, CO, PC, TCJ or placebo 6 wk.; W/O 1 wk. | 240 mL TCJ or placebo (Kool Aid) b.i.d.) (approx. 100 TC/d). | TCJ ↓ arthritis index, pain, stiffness and function compared with placebo. | No change in serum CRP. |
| [56] | Overweight and obese 37 men (61.4 ± 7.7 y., BMI 31.7 ± 4.3) | Before and after SC consumption; no control group. | 142 g fresh SC 3 times a day, 4 wk. | Urinary PGEM, TBX2, serum CRP and homocysteine did not change with SC consumption. | Anthocyanin content of the different batches of SC used varied several folds. |
| [53] | Same as in reference #19 | Same as in reference #19. | Same as in reference #19. | SC ↓ sleep latency, number of awakenings, ↑ sleep time and immobility. | ↑ IL-1 β, IL-8, TNF α in blood drawn at 1 a.m.; perhaps caused by 5-hydroxyindocle acetic acid. |
| Exercised Induced Pain, Muscle Damage and Recovery | |||||
| [37] | 10 well trained male athletes (27.8 ± 1.6 y., Mean ± SD) | CO, 7 d prior, 1 d of single leg extensions and 2 d post exercise; W/O 2 wk. | 30 mL TCJ or placebo (isoenergetic fruit concentrate) b.i.d. | Recovery of maximum voluntary contractions faster after TCJ than placebo. | No effect of TCJ on serum CRP, nitrotyrosine and CK. |
| [39] | 13 M + 7 F, (37 ± 13 y., Mean ± SD,) marathon athletes | Parallel, PC; TCJ (7M + 3 F), placebo (6 M + 4 F) 5 d before, 1 d during and 2 d post-race. | 240 mL TCJ or placebo (Kool Aid) b.i.d. (approx. 100 TC/d). | Exercise associated ↑ in serum CRP, IL-6, muscle damage and pain, Placebo > TCJ. Total serum antioxidant status TCJ > placebo. | TCJ ↓ marathon induced inflammation and pain. |
| [41] | 27 endurance trained runners or triathletes (21.8 ± 3.9 y., Mean ± SD) | Parallel, PC, 10 d. Blood samples taken pre, 60 min., 24 and 48 h post exercise. | Same supplements and protocol as above. TC n = 11 and placebo n = 18 | TC improved marathon time and ↓ markers of muscle catabolism (creatinine, total protein and cortisol) oxidative stress and inflammation when compared with placebo. | TC supplements may improve recovery from exercise-induced stress. |
| [46] | 23 resistance trained men (20.9 ± 2.6 y., Mean ± SD) | Randomized, parallel, PC, 10 d. Blood samples taken pre, 60 min., 24 and 48 h post exercise. | TC (n = 11) or placebo (n = 12) powder (480 mg/d) 7 d pre-, 2 d post-and d of exercise. (TC powder approx. equals 300 mL TCJ). | TC ↓ post-exercise muscle soreness. 48 h post-exercise AST, ALT and creatinine ↓ by TC compared with pre-. No change in serum markers of oxidative stress and inflammation. | TC improved recovery and muscle soreness but not markers of oxidative stress and inflammation. |
| [47] | 9 highly-trained male Water polo players (18.6 ± 1.4 y., Mean ± SD) | Randomized, CO, PC, each period 7 d. W/O 5 wk. Blood drawn d 1 before supplement, d 6 pre- and post exercise; d 7 pre-exercise. | 30 mL TCJ or placebo in a.m. and 60 mL p.m. after exercise on d 1–7 (total equivalent to 270 TC /d). | D 6 post exercise IL-6 TCJ > placebo. CRP, UA, F2 isoprostane on all test days and IL-6 on d 1 and 7 did not differ between TCJ and placebo. No difference in measures of performance and recovery. | Non-weight bearing sports may not have caused substantial oxidative stress and inflammation to observe any benefits of TCJ. |
| [49] | 16 healthy male soccer players | Randomized, CO, PC, TCJ or placebo 8 d; baseline, 24, 48, 72 h post exercise. | 30 mL TCJ conc. or placebo (Kool Aid) twice a day. | TCJ improved performance, recovery and muscle soreness, and ↓ serum IL-6. | No effect of TCJ on LOOH and CK, and CRP. |
| [57] | 14 male college students | Randomized, CO, PC 2 wk. W/O; arm eccentric exercise on d 4 of each period. | 360 mL TCJ or placebo, b.i.d. for 4 d; each serving equals 50–60 TC. | Exercise associated loss of strength, muscle damage and pain TCJ < placebo. | Placebo used was Kraft Foods, cherry flavored Kool Aid. |
| [58] | 36 M + 18 F (35.8 ± 9.6 y., Mean ± SD), healthy runners | Randomized, parallel, PC; ran 26.3 ± 2.5 km in 24 h TCJ or placebo 7 d prior and on d of race. | TCJ 355 mL b.i.d (19 M and 7F) or placebo (15 M and 10F). About 200 TC/d. | Post run pain score, TCJ 12 ± 18, and placebo 37 ± 20 mm. | TCJ prior to the race ↓ post-race pain. |
| Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease | |||||
| [23] | 2 M + 16 F, 45–61 y., BMI 20–30 kg/m2, mild ↑ in CRP | CO with blood drawn at −7, 0, 14 and 28 d of SC intake; also 28 d after discontinuation. | 280 g depitted SC/d (45 SC) replacing dietary carbohydrates. | SC ↓ plasma conc. of CRP, IL-18, ENRAGE, PAI-1, ET-1, TNF α, EGF, ferritin, RANTES, NO and ↑ IL-1Ra. | SC intake ↓ plasma markers of CVD, arthritis, hypertension, diabetes, cancer and inflammation. |
| [42] | 47 healthy adults (30–50 y.) | Randomized, parallel, PC, 6 wk. | 30 mL TC concentrate (anthocyanins 270 mg/d) or placebo. | ↑ FRAP, but no difference in SBP, DBP, CRP, total- and HDL-C. | Lack of an effect on BP may be due to low dose of anthocyanins and healthy participants. |
| [51] | 2 M + 16 F, 45–61 y., BMI 20–30 kg/m2, mild ↑ in CRP | CO with blood drawn a −7, 0, 14 and 28 d of SC intake; also 28 d after discontinuation. | 280 g depitted SC/d (45 SC) replacing dietary carbohydrates. | SC ↓ plasma conc. of CRP, IL-18, ENRAGE, PAI-1, ET-1, TNF α, EGF, ferritin, RANTES, NO and ↑ IL-1Ra. | SC intake ↓ plasma markers of CVD, arthritis, hypertension, diabetes, cancer and inflammation. |
| [52] | 10 over weight and obese, (38.1 ± 12.5 y., BMI 32.2 ± 4.6) | Randomized, CO, TCJ or placebo beverage 4 wk.; W/O 2 wk. | 240 mL TCJ or placebo beverage/d | TCJ ↓ serum UA, TNF α, MCP-1, ESR, TG, and VLDL compared with placebo | TCJ ↓ inflammation and risk factors for gout and CVD |
| [54] | 49 subjs over the age of 70 with dementia | Randomized, parallel, PC, n = 24 in SC, and 25 in placebo groups. | 200 mL Bing SC or apple juice once a day for 12 wk. Responses tested at 6 and 12 wk. | SCJ improved verbal fluency, short term memory and ↓ SBP both at 6 and 12 weeks. No change in fasting serum IL-6 and CRP. | 200 mL of SCJ provided 138 mg anthocyanins/d, which may not be enough to ↓ inflammation. |
| [45] | Same as in reference #19 | FBG and urinary anti-oxidant capacity measured, before, 5 d after, and 1 d post SC supplement. | Same as in reference #19. | No difference in FBG, but urinary antioxidant capacity ↑ when compared to placebo. | Since anthocyanins improve insulin secretion, it is possible that SC may ↓ FBG if monitored within 2 h of their intake. |
| [59] | 19 diabetic women, BMI 29.6 ± 4.3 | Before and after treatment, 6 wk. | 40 g TC concentrate/d (anthocyanins 720 mg/d). | ↓ HbA1C, SBP, DBP, total- and LDL-C. | No Control group. |
| [60] | 15 M with early hypertension, SBP > 130, DBP > 80 | Randomized, CO, PC, W/O 14 d. Responses tested at 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, and 8 hr) after TC or placebo intake. | 60 mL TC concentrate (180 TC) or placebo (fruit flavored cordial). | SBP, TCJ < placebo at 1, 2 and 3 h, with peak reduction at 2 h. | ↓ in SBP associated with ↑ in circulating protocatechuic and vanillic acids |
| [62] | Pilot study with 6 young and 7 older adults | Before and after SCJ consumption; no control group | SCJ served either 300 mL at 0 h or 100 mL at 0, 1, and 2 h; BP monitored at 0, 2 and 6 h | Both SBP and DBP significantly ↓ at 2 h with a single dose but not with split dose; no effect at 6 h | Certain minimum blood concentration of polyphenols is needed to lower BP. |
| Arthritis and Associated Risk Factors | |||||
| [40] | 10 healthy women, 22–40 y. | Blood and urine collected at 0, 1.5, 3 and 5 h after treatment. | Single bolus of Bing sweet cherries (SC), (280 g). | ↓ in plasma ORAC and FRAP, and ↑ in urinary UA at 1.5, 3 and 5 h; ↓ in plasma UA at 5 h | SC intake ↓ plasma oxidative stress and UA. |
| [52] | 10 over weight and obese, (38.1 ± 12.5 y., BMI 32.2 ± 4.6) | Randomized, CO, TCJ or placebo beverage 4 wk.; W/O 2 wk. | 240 mL TCJ or placebo beverage/d. | TCJ ↓ serum UA, TNF α, MCP-1, ESR, TG, and VLDL compared with placebo. | TCJ ↓ inflammation and risk factors for gout and CVD. |
| [55] | 44 M + 14 F (56.7 ± 11.3 y. non-diabetic grade 2–3 OA patients | Randomized, CO, PC, TCJ or placebo 6 wk.; W/O 1 wk. | 240 mL TCJ or placebo (Kool Aid) b.i.d.) (approx. 100 TC/d). | TCJ ↓ arthritis index, pain, stiffness and function compared with placebo. | No change in serum CRP. |
| [63] | 12 gouty arthritis patients | Before and after treatment, 3 d-3 month. | Fresh or canned tart cherries (TC) 227 g/d. | Blood UA normalized and no attacks of arthritis in all subjs; ↑ freedom of joint use in 4. | ↓in Blood UA positively associated with ↓ in gout attacks. |
| [64] | 633 patients with gout | Case-CO, with or without fresh cherries or extract for 2 d prior to gout attack. | Fresh cherries or extract, or without both for 2 d prior to gout attack. | Supplements ↓ gout attacks by 35% compared to control, independent of sex, obesity, alcohol, and drugs. | Attack risk ↓ by 75% when cherry intake was combined with allopurinol use than without either. |
| Sleep | |||||
| [38,66] | Young, middle aged and elderly (3 M + 3 F in each group, 20–30 45–55, 65–75 y.), | Before and after treatment, 3 d each | 3 d basal level and 3 d SC powder. (141 g cherries/serving) b.i.d. | Total sleeping time, immobility, and antioxidant capacity SC powder > basal level. Sleep latency SC < basal | SC powder improved sleep and antioxidant status in all age groups. |
| [39] | 13 M + 7 F, (37 ± 13 y., Mean ± SD,) marathon athletes | Parallel, PC; TCJ (7M + 3 F), placebo (6 M + 4 F) 5 d before, 1 d during and 2 d post-race | 240 mL TCJ or placebo (Kool Aid) b.i.d. (approx. 100 TC/d) | Exercise associated ↑ in serum CRP, IL-6, muscle damage and pain, Placebo > TCJ. Total serum antioxidant status TCJ > placebo. | TCJ ↓ marathon induced inflammation and pain. |
| [53] | Same as in reference #19 | Same as in reference #19 | Same as in reference #19 | SC ↓ sleep latency, number of awakenings, ↑ sleep time and immobility. | ↑ IL-1 β, IL-8, TNF α, in blood drawn at 1 a.m.; perhaps caused by 5-hydroxyindocle acetic acid. |
| [65] | 15 adults, 65 y. or older with chronic insomnia | Randomized, CO, PC, 2 wk. TCJ or placebo each, W/O 2 wk. | 240 mL TCJ or placebo (Kool Aid) b.i.d, | TCJ ↓ insomnia severity, but not sleep latency or sleep efficiency | Insomnia and the age of subjects may have lessened the effects of TCJ. |
| Stress, Anxiety, Mood, Memory, and Cognitive Function | |||||
| [19] | Young, middle aged and elderly, 5 M and 5 F in each group. | Randomized, CO, PC, W/O 1 wk. Blood and urine collected before, 5 d after and 1 d post supplement. | 5 d supplement with dried SC or placebo powder with lunch and dinner (280 fresh cherries SC/d). | SC improved mood, ↓ anxiety and urinary cortisol; ↑ urinary 5-hydroxyindocle acetic acid | SC ↓ stress and anxiety |
| [38] | Young, middle aged and elderly (3 M + 3 F in each group, 20–30 45–55, 65–75 y.), | Before and after treatment, 3 d each. | 3 d basal level and 3 d SC powder. (141 g cherries/serving) b.i.d. | Total sleeping time, immobility, and antioxidant capacity SC powder > basal level. Sleep latency SC < basal. | SC powder improved sleep and antioxidant status in all age groups. |
| [41] | 27 endurance trained runners or triathletes (21.8 ± 3.9 y., Mean ± SD) | Parallel, PC, 10 d. Blood samples taken pre, 60 min., 24 and 48 h post exercise | Same supplements and protocol as above. TC n = 11 and placebo n = 18 | TC improved marathon time and ↓ markers of muscle catabolism (creatinine, total protein and cortisol) oxidative stress and inflammation when compared with placebo. | TC supplements may improve recovery from exercise-induced stress. |
| [46] | 23 resistance trained men (20.9 ± 2.6 y., Mean ± SD) | Randomized, parallel, PC, 10 d. Blood samples taken pre, 60 min., 24 and 48 h post exercise | TC (n = 11) or placebo (n = 12) powder (480 mg/d) 7 d pre-, 2 d post-and d of exercise. (TC powder approx. equals 300 mL TCJ). | TC ↓ post-exercise muscle soreness. 48 h post-exercise AST, ALT and creatinine ↓ by TC compared with pre-. No change in serum markers of oxidative stress and inflammation. | TC improved recovery and muscle soreness but not markers of oxidative stress and inflammation. |
| [50] | 20 marathon runners | Randomized, TCJ (7M + 3 F) or placebo (6 M + 4 F) 5 d before, 1 d during and 2 d post-race. | TCJ or placebo as listed in 41. | Incidence and severity of URTS and ↑ in plasma CRP at 24 and 48 post race was greater in placebo than TCJ. | TCJ ↓ post-marathon development of URTS. |
| [60] | 20 M + 10 F (45–60 y.) healthy | Randomized, CO, PC, W/O 14 d. Responses tested at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 5 h after TC or placebo intake. | 60 mL TC concentrate (180 TC) or placebo (fruit flavored cordial). | SBP, TCJ < placebo at 1, 2 and 3 h, with peak reduction at 1 h No effect on cognitive functions or mood. | SBP but not DBP rapidly responded to TC intake and the ↓ was transient. |
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate amino transferase; b.i.d, two times a day; BMI, body mass index; CO, cross-over; CRP, C-reactive protein; d, day; CVD, cardiovascular disease; CK, Creatinine; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; ET-1, endothelin-1; ENRAGE, extracellular newly identified ligand for the receptor for advanced glycation end products; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; F, female; FBG, fasting blood glucose; FRAP, ferric reducing ability of plasma; h, hour; IL, interleukin; IL-1Ra, IL-1 receptor antagonist; M, male; min, minute; mo, month; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; NC, no change; NO, nitric oxide; OA, osteoarthritis; ORAC, oxygen radical absorbing capacity; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; PC, placebo controlled; PGEM, prostaglandin E2 metabolite; RANTES, regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SC, sweet cherry; SCJ, sweet cherry juice; TC, tart cherry; TCJ, tart cherry juice; TBX2, thromboxane B2; TG, triglyceride; TNF α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; UA, uric acid; URTS, upper respiratory tract symptoms; VLDL, very low density lipoprotein; W/O, wash out; wk., week; y., years; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.