Table 3.

Association between breastfeeding or complementary feeding indicators (WHO, 2010) and malnutrition, in 278 infants and young children seen at the Klinik Saint Espri Health Center, Port au Prince, Haiti (August 2014).

Indicator	Nutritional Status # (p)
	Wasting	Underweight	Stunting
1. Children ever breastfed	0.92	0.59	0.13
2. Early initiation of breastfeeding	0.21	0.002 *	0.04 *
3. Exclusive breastfeeding under 6 months	0.09	0.32	0.59
4. Predominant breastfeeding under 6 months	0.97	0.000 *	0.02 *
5. Exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months	0.03 *	0.003 *	0.54
6. Continued breastfeeding at 12 months	0.73	0.82	1.00
7. Continued breastfeeding at 24 months	0.16	0.54	nv
8. Age-appropriate breastfeeding	0.03 *	0.20	0.20
9. Introduction of complementary foods	0.83	0.97	0.34
10. Minimum dietary diversity	0.10	0.11	0.90
11. Minimum meal frequency	0.75	0.70	0.90
12. Minimum acceptable diet	0.21	0.049 *	0.35
13. Milk feeding frequency for non-breastfed children	0.02 *	0.06	0.23
14. Consumption of iron rich foods	nv	nv	nv

^# Malnutrition was defined according to z-scores <−2 SD (WHO 2006 reference). * Chi² test for comparisons against children with normal nutritional status (z-scores −2 to +2). p < 0.05 was considered significant.