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Effect of the aqueous jojoba seed extract and pure simmondsin on caspase-3 activation (a) and oxidative stress (b). Each value represents the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) of three independent experiments in triplicate. ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, compared to untreated cells, $$$ p < 0.001, compared to fructose-treated cells.
