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Functionalization process: (a) ssDNA aptamer solution is mixed with (b) gold NRs in the volume proportion 1:3. After the system has incubated for 1 h, the aptamer functionalized NRs (c,d) are mixed with the OTA molecules (e) in the volume proportion 3:1. The system is left to incubate for about 2 h to allow the interaction between DNA aptamers and molecules (f) for the formation of the NR complexes (g).
