Table 2.

Meta-Analysis of Risk Factors of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Infection

						Heterogeneity of study design
Risk factor	Combination studies	Case/controls	OR/MD [95% CI]	Z	p	χ2	p	I2(%)	Analysis model	Egger's test (p)
Prior hospitalization	3	131/157	1.85 [1.12–3.07]	2.38	0.02*	0.00	1.00	0	Fixed	0.374
LOS	10	592/1,402	12.92 [6.84–19.00]a	4.16	0.000*	36.90	0.000	76	Random	0.356
Admission to ICU	8	466/1,215	2.48 [1.90–3.23]	6.69	0.000*	14.04	0.05	50	Fixed	0.219
Days of ICU stay	4	193/455	4.58 [3.67–5.49]a	9.87	0.000*	3.62	0.31	17	Fixed	0.214
APACHE II score on ICU admission	4	208/170	0.25 [−0.98–1.47]a	0.40	0.69	2.61	0.460	0	Fixed	0.870
Comorbidity
DM	10	473/1,597	1.31 [0.97–1.78]	1.78	0.08	9.21	0.42	2	Fixed	0.441
Malignancy	5	347/819	0.72 [0.47–1.11]	1.48	0.14	1.48	0.83	0	Fixed	0.208
Heart disorders	4	234/251	1.28 [0.85–1.92]	1.20	0.23	3.71	0.29	19	Fixed	0.894
Transplant recipient	5	348/1,909	2.01 [1.03–3.92]	2.04	0.04*	11.27	0.02	65	Random	0.993
Renal failure	3	165/169	1.68 [0.83–3.41]	1.43	0.15	1.72	0.42	0	Fixed	0.314
Steroid use	5	328/877	1.43 [1.04–1.96]	2.23	0.03*	2.13	0.71	0	Fixed	0.486
Respiratory disease	3	129/130	1.38 [0.72–2.66]	0.98	0.33	0.63	0.73	0	Fixed	0.844
Liver disease	3	225/170	1.45 [0.86–2.44]	1.39	0.17	0.95	0.62	0	Fixed	0.890
Neurological disorders	3	190/136	1.43 [0.87–2.35]	1.40	0.16	0.33	0.85	0	Fixed	0.554
Charlson comorbidity index	3	252/742	−0.89 [−2.31–0.53]a	1.23	0.22	41.18	0.000	95	Random	0.290
Invasive procedures
CVC use	8	538/1,039	2.30 [1.26–4.19]	2.71	0.007*	28.23	0.000	79	Random	0.344
MV	9	577/1,117	2.54 [1.67–3.85]	4.37	0.000*	20.15	0.010	60	Random	0.739
Prior surgery	7	456/953	1.45 [0.89–2.36]	1.47	0.14	17.37	0.008	65	Random	0.195
Urinary catheter	7	388/986	1.60 [0.86–2.98]	1.50	1.13	28.71	0.000	79	Random	0.305
Tracheostomy	5	243/385	3.63 [1.47–9.00]	2.79	0.005*	13.73	0.008	71	Random	0.036
Parenteral nutrition	3	275/712	2.38 [1.68–3.36]	4.90	0.000*	2.27	0.320	12	Fixed	0.852
Previous antibiotic use	10	569/1,295	3.31 [1.68–6.49]	3.47	0.000*	32.25	0.000	72	Random	0.094
Antibiotic
Carbapenems	12	690/1,437	4.01 [2.59–6.21]	6.23	0.000*	29.93	0.002	63	Random	0.142
β-lactam and/or β-lactamase inhibitor	4	320/775	3.56 [0.85–14.87]	1.74	0.08	51.82	0.000	94	Random	0.509
Cephalosporins	8	533/1,037	1.64 [0.90–2.98]	1.63	0.10	27.69	0.000	75	Random	0.734
Aminolycosides	8	533/1,037	2.05 [1.43–2.94]	3.91	0.000*	8.75	0.27	20	Fixed	0.366
Glycopeptides	3	226/694	2.40 [1.09–5.27]	2.18	0.03*	6.41	0.04	69	Random	0.326
Quinolones	10	601/1,302	2.28 [1.40–3.70]	3.32	0.000*	26.66	0.002	66	Random	0.101
Metronidazole	3	184/244	0.68 [0.14–3.29]	0.48	0.63	11.43	0.003	82	Random	0.890
Anti-pseudomonal penicillins	5	263/319	2.67 [1.78–4.01]	4.73	0.000*	2.01	0.73	0	Fixed	0.495

^aMean difference.

^*p < 0.05.

CI, confidence interval; DM, diabetes mellitus; LOS, length of hospital stay; MD, mean difference; OR, odds ratio.