Table 1.
Baseline characteristics for propensity score‐matched cohorts of injectable‐drug‐naive exenatide once weekly and basal insulin initiators, by age and renal function
| Variable | Age group | Renal functiona | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age 18‐64 years | ≥65 years | Normal function | Any RI | |||||
| EQW, n (%) | BI, n (%) | EQW, n (%) | BI, n (%) | EQW, n (%) | BI, n (%) | EQW, n (%) | BI, n (%) | |
| Number of patients | 1513 | 3064 | 495 | 952 | 940 | 1902 | 1006 | 2001 |
| Age group | ||||||||
| ≤ 34 years | 65 (4.3) | 136 (4.4) | 53 (5.6) | 110 (5.8) | 9 (0.9) | 18 (0.9) | ||
| 35‐44 years | 215 (14.2) | 433 (14.1) | 170 (18.1) | 331 (17.4) | 35 (3.5) | 88 (4.4) | ||
| 45‐54 years | 540 (35.7) | 1079 (35.2) | 330 (35.1) | 668 (35.1) | 194 (19.3) | 379 (18.9) | ||
| 55‐64 years | 693 (45.8) | 1416 (46.2) | 302 (32.1) | 641 (33.7) | 368 (36.6) | 740 (37.0) | ||
| 65‐74 years | 421 (85.1) | 815 (85.6) | 81 (8.6) | 148 (7.8) | 331 (32.9) | 647 (32.3) | ||
| ≥75 years | 74 (14.9) | 137 (14.4) | 4 (0.4) | 4 (0.2) | 69 (6.9) | 129 (6.4) | ||
| Sex | ||||||||
| Men | 723 (47.8) | 1503 (49.1) | 280 (56.6) | 476 (50.0) | 449 (47.8) | 938 (49.3) | 524 (52.1) | 991 (49.5) |
| Women | 790 (52.2) | 1561 (50.9) | 215 (43.4) | 476 (50.0) | 491 (52.2) | 964 (50.7) | 482 (47.9) | 1010 (50.5) |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||||
| White | 1198 (79.2) | 2449 (79.9) | 432 (87.3) | 828 (87.0) | 744 (79.1) | 1548 (81.4) | 886 (88.1) | 1729 (86.4) |
| Black/African American | 123 (8.1) | 254 (8.3) | 28 (5.7) | 49 (5.1) | 95 (10.1) | 171 (9.0) | 56 (5.6) | 132 (6.6) |
| Hispanic | 81 (5.4) | 194 (6.3) | 15 (3.0) | 26 (2.7) | 58 (6.2) | 134 (7.0) | 38 (3.8) | 86 (4.3) |
| Asian | 29 (1.9) | 51 (1.7) | 9 (1.8) | 11 (1.2) | 28 (3.0) | 34 (1.8) | 10 (1.0) | 28 (1.4) |
| Multiple races | 30 (2.0) | 27 (0.9) | 1 (0.2) | 14 (1.5) | 15 (1.6) | 15 (0.8) | 16 (1.6) | 26 (1.3) |
| Unknown race | 52 (3.4) | 89 (2.9) | 10 (2.0) | 24 (2.5) | –– | –– | ||
| Region | ||||||||
| Northeast | 54 (3.6) | 127 (4.1) | 23 (4.6) | 28 (2.9) | 32 (3.4) | 82 (4.3) | 43 (4.3) | 72 (3.6) |
| Midwest | 594 (39.3) | 1166 (38.1) | 178 (36.0) | 373 (39.2) | 374 (39.8) | 736 (38.7) | 383 (38.1) | 762 (38.1) |
| South | 545 (36.0) | 1025 (33.5) | 142 (28.7) | 314 (33.0) | 316 (33.6) | 616 (32.4) | 354 (35.2) | 701 (35.0) |
| West | 156 (10.3) | 371 (12.1) | 96 (19.4) | 143 (15.0) | 111 (11.8) | 256 (13.5) | 125 (12.4) | 225 (11.2) |
| Other/Unknown | 164 (10.8) | 375 (12.2) | 56 (11.3) | 94 (9.9) | 107 (11.4) | 212 (11.1) | 101 (10.0) | 241 (12.0) |
| Outpatient physician visits | ||||||||
| 0 | –– | 1 (0.0) | –– | –– | –– | 1 (0.1) | ||
| 1‐2 | 620 (41.0) | 1303 (42.5) | 166 (33.5) | 386 (40.5) | 371 (39.5) | 788 (41.4) | 388 (38.6) | 836 (41.8) |
| 3‐4 | 535 (35.4) | 1020 (33.3) | 154 (31.1) | 288 (30.3) | 339 (36.1) | 652 (34.3) | 325 (32.3) | 623 (31.1) |
| 5‐6 | 192 (12.7) | 418 (13.6) | 89 (18.0) | 138 (14.5) | 114 (12.1) | 257 (13.5) | 160 (15.9) | 291 (14.5) |
| ≥7 | 166 (11.0) | 322 (10.5) | 86 (17.4) | 140 (14.7) | 116 (12.3) | 204 (10.7) | 133 (13.2) | 251 (12.5) |
| Emergency department visits | ||||||||
| 0 | 1408 (93.1) | 2856 (93.2) | 460 (92.9) | 894 (93.9) | 868 (92.3) | 1758 (92.4) | 940 (93.4) | 1881 (94.0) |
| ≥1 | 105 (6.9) | 208 (6.8) | 35 (7.1) | 58 (6.1) | 72 (7.7) | 144 (7.6) | 66 (6.6) | 120 (6.0) |
| Hospitalizations | ||||||||
| 0 | 1464 (96.8) | 2986 (97.5) | 480 (97.0) | 926 (97.3) | 913 (97.1) | 1850 (97.3) | 969 (96.3) | 1950 (97.5) |
| ≥1 | 49 (3.2) | 78 (2.5) | 15 (3.0) | 26 (2.7) | 27 (2.9) | 52 (2.7) | 37 (3.7) | 51 (2.5) |
| 3‐digit diagnostic codes | ||||||||
| 1‐3 | 119 (7.9) | 247 (8.1) | 30 (6.1) | 59 (6.2) | 77 (8.2) | 157 (8.3) | 64 (6.4) | 135 (6.7) |
| 4‐6 | 380 (25.1) | 714 (23.3) | 78 (15.8) | 179 (18.8) | 244 (26.0) | 451 (23.7) | 197 (19.6) | 407 (20.3) |
| 7‐9 | 359 (23.7) | 732 (23.9) | 82 (16.6) | 201 (21.1) | 213 (22.7) | 467 (24.6) | 210 (20.9) | 441 (22.0) |
| ≥10 | 655 (43.3) | 1371 (44.7) | 305 (61.6) | 513 (53.9) | 406 (43.2) | 827 (43.5) | 535 (53.2) | 1018 (50.9) |
| Prescriptions at baseline | ||||||||
| 1‐3 | 213 (14.1) | 448 (14.6) | 70 (14.1) | 149 (15.7) | 129 (13.7) | 260 (13.7) | 135 (13.4) | 317 (15.8) |
| 4‐6 | 359 (23.7) | 696 (22.7) | 94 (19.0) | 206 (21.6) | 224 (23.8) | 459 (24.1) | 216 (21.5) | 416 (20.8) |
| 7‐9 | 386 (25.5) | 726 (23.7) | 100 (20.2) | 208 (21.8) | 245 (26.1) | 459 (24.1) | 227 (22.6) | 442 (22.1) |
| ≥10 | 555 (36.7) | 1194 (39.0) | 231 (46.7) | 389 (40.9) | 342 (36.4) | 724 (38.1) | 428 (42.5) | 826 (41.3) |
| Antidiabetic drug classes | ||||||||
| 0 | 372 (24.6) | 710 (23.2) | 135 (27.3) | 240 (25.2) | 231 (24.6) | 392 (20.6) | 260 (25.8) | 536 (26.8) |
| 1 | 448 (29.6) | 906 (29.6) | 135 (27.3) | 280 (29.4) | 275 (29.3) | 566 (29.8) | 296 (29.4) | 585 (29.2) |
| 2 | 437 (28.9) | 904 (29.5) | 131 (26.5) | 266 (27.9) | 274 (29.1) | 593 (31.2) | 280 (27.8) | 542 (27.1) |
| ≥3 | 256 (16.9) | 544 (17.8) | 94 (19.0) | 166 (17.4) | 160 (17.0) | 351 (18.5) | 170 (16.9) | 338 (16.9) |
| Procedures at baseline | ||||||||
| 0‐9 | 478 (31.6) | 937 (30.6) | 113 (22.8) | 231 (24.3) | 281 (29.9) | 545 (28.7) | 282 (28.0) | 579 (28.9) |
| 10‐19 | 511 (33.8) | 1091 (35.6) | 147 (29.7) | 288 (30.3) | 322 (34.3) | 687 (36.1) | 315 (31.3) | 652 (32.6) |
| 20‐29 | 287 (19.0) | 570 (18.6) | 113 (22.8) | 221 (23.2) | 178 (18.9) | 374 (19.7) | 213 (21.2) | 395 (19.7) |
| ≥30 | 237 (15.7) | 466 (15.2) | 122 (24.6) | 212 (22.3) | 159 (16.9) | 296 (15.6) | 196 (19.5) | 375 (18.7) |
| Ever smoker | ||||||||
| No | 330 (21.8) | 665 (21.7) | 94 (19.0) | 184 (19.3) | 198 (21.1) | 403 (21.2) | 213 (21.2) | 423 (21.1) |
| Yes | 1183 (78.2) | 2399 (78.3) | 401 (81.0) | 768 (80.7) | 742 (78.9) | 1499 (78.8) | 793 (78.8) | 1578 (78.9) |
| Alcohol abuse | ||||||||
| No | 1506 (99.5) | 3058 (99.8) | 492 (99.4) | 949 (99.7) | 934 (99.4) | 1898 (99.8) | 1002 (99.6) | 1996 (99.8) |
| Yes | 7 (0.5) | 6 (0.2) | 3 (0.6) | 3 (0.3) | 6 (0.6) | 4 (0.2) | 4 (0.4) | 5 (0.2) |
| BMI group b | ||||||||
| Underweight/Normal weight | 19 (1.3) | 48 (1.6) | 13 (2.6) | 25 (2.6) | 18 (1.9) | 41 (2.2) | 13 (1.3) | 32 (1.6) |
| Overweight | 165 (10.9) | 339 (11.1) | 111 (22.4) | 164 (17.2) | 113 (12.0) | 234 (12.3) | 153 (15.2) | 247 (12.3) |
| Obese | 841 (55.6) | 1652 (53.9) | 267 (53.9) | 567 (59.6) | 515 (54.8) | 1030 (54.2) | 560 (55.7) | 1125 (56.2) |
| Morbidly obese | 488 (32.3) | 1025 (33.5) | 104 (21.0) | 196 (20.6) | 294 (31.3) | 597 (31.4) | 280 (27.8) | 597 (29.8) |
| HbA1c | ||||||||
| ≤ 7% | 281 (18.6) | 520 (17.0) | 144 (29.1) | 269 (28.3) | 164 (17.4) | 301 (15.8) | 255 (25.3) | 480 (24.0) |
| 7.1‐9% | 749 (49.5) | 1416 (46.2) | 251 (50.7) | 520 (54.6) | 464 (49.4) | 828 (43.5) | 504 (50.1) | 1036 (51.8) |
| > 9% | 483 (31.9) | 1128 (36.8) | 100 (20.2) | 163 (17.1) | 312 (33.2) | 773 (40.6) | 247 (24.6) | 485 (24.2) |
| Hypertension present | 1032 (68.2) | 2102 (68.6) | 407 (82.2) | 788 (82.8) | 612 (65.1) | 1254 (65.9) | 783 (77.8) | 1562 (78.1) |
| Hypoglycaemia present | 65 (4.3) | 131 (4.3) | 26 (5.3) | 44 (4.6) | 44 (4.7) | 78 (4.1) | 45 (4.5) | 90 (4.5) |
| Diabetic complication present | 275 (18.2) | 571 (18.6) | 132 (26.7) | 257 (27.0) | 156 (16.6) | 336 (17.7) | 239 (23.8) | 470 (23.5) |
| Sulphonylurea treatment present | 561 (37.1) | 1224 (40.1) | 202 (40.8) | 398 (41.8) | 337 (36.5) | 771 (41.2) | 400 (39.1) | 800 (39.4) |
| Renal function c | ||||||||
| Normal function | 847 (58.0) | 1737 (58.4) | 77 (15.9) | 136 (14.7) | 940 (100.0) | 1902 (100.0) | ||
| Mild impairment | 529 (36.2) | 1027 (34.5) | 243 (50.1) | 501 (54.0) | – | – | 733 (72.9) | 1455 (72.7) |
| Moderate or severe impairmentd | 85 (5.8) | 211 (7.1) | 165 (34.0) | 291 (31.4) | – | – | 273 (27.1) | 546 (27.3) |
| Moderate | 85 (5.8) | 189 (6.4) | 159 (32.8) | 258 (27.8) | – | – | 267 (26.5) | 491 (24.5) |
| Severe | –– | 22 (0.7) | 6 (1.2) | 33 (3.6) | – | – | 6 (0.6) | 55 (2.8) |
| EQW | BI | EQW | BI | EQW | BI | EQW | BI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |
| HbA1c, % | 8.4 (0.04) | 8.7 (0.04) | 7.9 (0.07) | 7.9 (0.05) | 8.5 (0.06) | 8.8 (0.05) | 8.1 (0.05) | 8.2 (0.04) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 37.5 (0.19) | 37.7 (0.14) | 35.0 (0.31) | 35.2 (0.22) | 37.3 (0.26) | 37.2 (0.19) | 36.6 (0.23) | 37.1 (0.18) |
| Weight, kg | 109.4 (0.62) | 110.2 (0.44) | 101.9 (0.98) | 100.4 (0.67) | 108.5 (0.83) | 108.9 (0.61) | 107 (0.74) | 107.1 (0.56) |
| SBP, mm Hg | 128.0 (0.36) | 129.0 (0.27) | 130.0 (0.67) | 131.2 (0.49) | 128.1 (0.47) | 128.9 (0.36) | 128.9 (0.48) | 130.1 (0.37) |
| DBP, mm Hg | 77.8 (0.23) | 77.6 (0.17) | 73.3 (0.41) | 72.7 (0.30) | 78.1 (0.29) | 77.7 (0.21) | 75.3 (0.29) | 75.2 (0.23) |
| Albumin/creatinine ratio, μg/mg | 37.6 (2.25) | 44.7 (1.64) | 48.1 (4.02) | 50.1 (3.36) | 36.6 (2.59) | 43.1 (1.97) | 43.7 (3.62) | 48.4 (2.47) |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 0.9 (0.01) | 0.9 (0.01) | 1.0 (0.02) | 1.1 (0.01) | 0.7 (0.00) | 0.7 (0.00) | 1.1 (0.01) | 1.1 (0.01) |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 91.3 (0.54) | 91.1 (0.47) | 68.9 (1.02) | 68.5 (0.69) | 104.4 (0.37) | 104.8 (0.29) | 68.2 (0.56) | 67.3 (0.38) |
| Alanine aminotransferase, U/I | 36.9 (0.76) | 35.8 (0.52) | 30 (0.87) | 28.2 (0.64) | 37.4 (1.02) | 36.7 (0.70) | 33.0 (0.76) | 31.2 (0.54) |
| Aspartate aminotransferase, U/I | 27.3 (0.52) | 27.3 (0.37) | 24.7 (0.72) | 24.3 (0.45) | 27.4 (0.72) | 28 (0.53) | 25.8 (0.53) | 25.2 (0.35) |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 42.1 (0.35) | 42 (0.23) | 44.2 (0.58) | 44.1 (0.42) | 42.7 (0.46) | 42.5 (0.31) | 42.5 (0.41) | 42.5 (0.28) |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 94.1 (0.91) | 95.4 (0.68) | 84.4 (1.43) | 86.2 (1.22) | 95.2 (1.14) | 96.1 (0.89) | 88.3 (1.17) | 90.1 (0.86) |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 173.7 (1.19) | 174.7 (0.82) | 161.1 (1.83) | 162.6 (1.56) | 174.9 (1.45) | 174.8 (1.09) | 166.9 (1.35) | 168.4 (0.97) |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 203.9 (3.99) | 202.3 (2.33) | 177.3 (4.98) | 177.8 (3.62) | 201.4 (4.92) | 196.6 (2.97) | 195.3 (3.66) | 196.5 (3.02) |
| Haematocrit, % | 41.4 (0.15) | 41.1 (0.11) | 40.5 (0.36) | 39.8 (0.20) | 41.6 (0.18) | 41.4 (0.13) | 40.7 (0.21) | 40.1 (0.14) |
| Haemoglobin, g/dL | 13.8 (0.05) | 13.7 (0.04) | 13.4 (0.12) | 13.2 (0.06) | 13.9 (0.06) | 13.9 (0.05) | 13.6 (0.07) | 13.3 (0.05) |
| Red blood cell count, cells ×106/uL | 4.7 (0.02) | 4.7 (0.01) | 4.5 (0.04) | 4.4 (0.02) | 4.8 (0.02) | 4.7 (0.01) | 4.6 (0.02) | 4.5 (0.02) |
| White blood cells count, cells ×103/uL | 7.8 (0.07) | 7.8 (0.05) | 7.4 (0.12) | 7.6 (0.10) | 7.7 (0.09) | 7.8 (0.06) | 7.7 (0.09) | 7.7 (0.09) |
| Platelet count ×103/uL | 250.4 (2.18) | 246.2 (1.51) | 229.7 (3.22) | 232.9 (2.85) | 251.5 (3.19) | 247.4 (2.24) | 238.9 (2.27) | 238.4 (1.90) |
BI, basal insulin; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; EQW, exenatide once weekly; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
a
Renal Function was assessed by eGFR; eGFR could not be calculated for 151 patients who did not have race information (18‐64 years: EQW (n = 52), BI (n = 89); ≥65 years: EQW (n = 10), BI (n = 24), normal = eGFR ≥90 mL/min/1.73m2; Any RI = eGFR <90 mL/min/1.73m2.
b
BMI group: underweight/normal = BMI < 24 kg/m2; overweight = 25 kg/m2 < BMI < 3329 kg/m2; obese = 30 kg/m2 < BMI < 39 kg/m2; morbidly obese = BMI > 40 kg/m2.
c
Renal function: normal = eGFR ≥90 mL/min/1.73m2; mild impairment = 60 mL/min/1.73m2 ≤ eGFR <90 mL/min/1.73m2; moderate/severe impairment = eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73m2.
d
Moderate and severe impairment populations were combined in this study for matching and analyses; this included patients with both moderate impairment = 30 mL/min/1.73m2 ≤ eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73m2 and patients with severe impairment = eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73m2 measured at baseline.