Table 5.
Effects of the placebo and active treatments on different sleep outcomes for patients given active buprenorphine and paracetamol
| Group With Active Treatment (n = 55) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paracetamol Group (n = 25) | Buprenorphine Group (n = 30) | Interaction Effectc | ||||||
| Mean (SD) Pre*‐Post** | P Valuea | Effect Sizeb | Mean (SD) Pre*‐Post** | P Valuea | Effect Sizeb | F Value | P Value | |
| TST (min) | 531.5 (145.5)‐518.3 (131.4) | .233 | 0.24 | 502.3 (129.9)‐534.0 (110.9) | .029 | 0.42 | 6.176 | .016 |
| SE (%) | 72.2 (14.1)‐72.4 (12.7) | .854 | 0.04 | 68.0 (15.4)‐72.1 (12.6) | .027 | 0.42 | 3.252 | .077 |
| SOL (min) | 34.0 (35.5)‐29.0 (33.5) | .238 | 0.24 | 29.8 (35.4)‐20.9 (22.8) | .181 | 0.25 | 0.241 | .626 |
| WASO (min) | 121.3 (63.8)‐123.6 (52.8) | .762 | 0.06 | 148.3 (67.7)‐143.5 (61.7) | .610 | 0.09 | 0.333 | .566 |
| EMA (min) | 42.9 (47.4)‐39.7 (39.7) | .562 | 0.12 | 56.1 (70.8)‐41.2 (36.2) | .101 | 0.31 | 1.173 | .284 |
| NoW (no.) | 28.5 (11.8)‐28.4 (13.6) | .969 | 0.01 | 31.3 (12.1)‐30.2 (13.6) | .464 | 0.14 | 0.244 | .624 |
Notes: TST indicates total sleep time; SE, sleep efficiency; SOL, sleep onset latency; WASO, waking after sleep onset; EMA, early morning awakening; NoW, number of bouts awake.
a
Paired t test, comparing values before and after the intervention (separate tests for the buprenorphine group and the paracetamol group).
b
Effect size (Cohen's d) for paired values.
c
A mixed within‐between subjects 2 × 2 ANOVA comparing the buprenorphine and paracetamol groups for the patients who received active treatment.
*
Pre = −7 to 0 days (baseline).
**
Post = 1 to 7 days active/placebo treatment.