Table 4.

Molecular alterations in NECs of the larynx and head and neck

Study	Tumor type	# of cases	Alterations	Methodology
Kao et al. [24]a	WD-NEC MD-NEC LC-NEC SC-NEC	23	p53 overexpression in LC- and SC-NEC No p53 overexpression in WD- and MD-NEC	IHC
Halmos et al. [29]b	WD-NEC MD-NEC LC-NEC SC-NEC	10	Negative p53 overexpression HPV16 and HPV18 in one case each	IHC PCR
Alos et al. [30]a	LC-NEC SC-NEC	19	p53 overexpression p16 overexpression (73% of cases) Rb dysregulation (59% of cases) No HPV-DNA	IHC PCR
Franchi et al. [32]c	SC-NEC/SCC	1	Missense TP53 exon 7 with p53 overexpression	IHC TP53 sequencing
La Rosa et al. [33]d	SC-NEC/ITAC	1	Aberrant methylation of APC and DAPK1 Gains and losses: 17p13 (TP53), 14q24 (MLH3) no KRAS, BRAF or p53 mutations	Methylation-specific PCR Mutation analysis KRAS, BRAF and PT53

SCC squamous cell carcinoma, ITAC intestinal-type adenocarcinoma

Sites: ^ahead and neck; ^blarynx; ^cmaxillary sinus; ^dnasal cavity