Figure 5. Role of innate and adaptive immune responses in NDV-induced PD-L1 upregulation.

Animals were treated as shown in the schema in Supplemental Figure 5. (A) Infiltration of tumors with adoptively transferred Trp1-luc lymphocytes with intratumoral NDV or IFN-α therapy. (B) Quantification of the average radiance from A in treated and distant tumors. (C) Quantification of the AUC of luminescence in treated and distant tumors. (D) Immune infiltration in distant tumors with NDV versus IFN-α treatment calculated using flow cytometry. Teff, effector T cell. (E) Association of PDL1 gene expression with CD8a gene expression in distant tumors from NDV-treated animals. (F) Association of PD-L1 expression on CD45^– cells and CD11b⁺ cells with total CD8⁺ infiltration in distant tumors calculated using flow cytometry. (G) Time course of T cell infiltration and PD-L1 upregulation in distant tumors in response to single NDV injection. Scale bar: 100 μm. (H) Association of PD-L1 upregulation with myeloid cell infiltration into distant tumors over time. Scale bar: 150 μm. Results are representative of 2 to 3 independent experiments with 5 to 10 mice per group, and data represent the mean ± SEM. Data were analyzed by Student’s t test for individual comparisons (C and D) and Pearson’s correlation (E and F). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.