Table 2.
Risk Factors for Incident HF after AF Diagnosis
| Multivariable-Adjusted Hazard Ratio [95% CI]* | p-value | |
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.57 [1.07-2.32] | 0.0001 |
|
| ||
| Smoking status | ||
| Never smoker | Reference | – |
| Prior smoker | 0.99 [0.73-1.34] | 0.94 |
| Current smoker | 2.11 [1.11-4.03] | 0.02 |
|
| ||
| Body Mass Index, kg/m2 | ||
| <25 | Reference | – |
| 25-29 | 0.97 [0.66-1.43] | 0.89 |
| ≥30 | 1.62 (1.10-2.40] | 0.02 |
| P, trend =0.011 | ||
|
| ||
| SBP, mmHg | ||
| < 120 | Reference | – |
| 120-139 | 2.12 [1.33-3.36] | 0.002 |
| 140-159 | 1.76 [1.02-3.02] | 0.041 |
| ≥ 160 | 2.50 [1.10-5.71] | 0.029 |
| P, trend =0.044 | ||
|
| ||
| Physical activity, ≥ 7.5 METS/week | 0.95 [0.70-1.28] | 0.71 |
|
| ||
| EtOH ≥ 2 drinks/day | 1.37 [0.75-2.50] | 0.30 |
|
| ||
| Hyperlipidemia | 1.06 (0.73-1.54) | 0.77 |
|
| ||
| Age, per year | 1.06 (1.04-1.08] | <0.0001 |
|
| ||
| Race/Ethnicity | ||
| White | Reference | – |
| Black | 1.23 [0.30-5.02] | 0.77 |
| Hispanic | † | 1.0 |
| Other | 0.72 [0.10-5.26] | 0.72 |
|
| ||
| History of MI at AF diagnosis | 0.44 [0.15-1.27] | 0.13 |
|
| ||
| Medication Use | ||
| Vitamin E | 0.79 [0.59-1.07] | 0.12 |
| Aspirin | 1.23 [0.92-1.66] | 0.17 |
| HRT | 0.73 [0.53-1.0] | 0.05 |
| Statin | 0.72 [0.70-1.28] | 0.06 |
|
| ||
| Anti-hypertensive medication use | 1.26 [0.89-1.76] | 0.19 |
|
| ||
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 4.02 [2.31-7.0] | <0.0001 |
|
| ||
| Incident Coronary Heart Disease | 2.44 [1.62-3.67] | <0.0001 |
Multivariable adjustment was for age, race, randomization assignment (ASA, Vitamin E), and history of myocardial infarction at AF diagnosis as well as time-updated assessment of medication use (statin, anti-hypertensive, hormone replacement therapy), incident coronary heart disease (MI and/or revascularization), chronic kidney disease, and modifiable risk factors shown (diabetes mellitus, physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking, body mass index, SBP, hyperlipidemia).
Hazard ratios were not calculable secondary to small sample size. AF, atrial fibrillation; HF, heart failure; CI, confidence interval; METS, metabolic equivalents; EtOH, alcohol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; HRT, hormone replacement therapy; MI, myocardial infarction.