Table 3.
Treatment effects in primary and secondary outcomes over 6 months
| Variables | Mean within group change (95% CI)
|
Between-group difference in mean change (95% CI) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active (N = 51) | Control (N = 48) | |||
| Primary outcome | ||||
| Cobb angle of kyphosisa (°) | −3.3 (−4.9, −1.7) | −0.3 (−1.9, 1.2) | −3.0 (−5.2, −0.8) | 0.009 |
| Secondary outcomes | ||||
| Kyphosis derived from kyphometera (°) | −3.8 (−5.7, −2.0) | −0.9 (−2.8, 1.0) | −3.0 (−5.6, −0.3) | 0.03 |
| Modified PPT (0–36 points) | 0.3 (−0.2, 0.8) | 0.8 (0.3, 1.3) | −0.5 (−1.2, 0.2) | 0.13 |
| Spinal extension peak torque to body weight (%) | −0.02 (−0.20, 0.16) | −0.08 (−0.26, 0.11) | 0.06 (−0.20, 0.32) | 0.65 |
| Spinal extensor muscle density (HU) | 0.22 (−1.31, 1.74) | 0.47 (−1.06, 2.00) | −0.26 (−2.39, 1.88) | 0.81 |
| Timed Up and Goa (s) | 1.0 (−0.7, 2.7) | −0.4 (−2.2, 1.3) | 1.5 (−1.0, 3.9) | 0.23 |
| Timed Loaded Standing (s) | 0.3 (−11.0, 11.6) | −4.5 (−16.3, 7.3) | 4.8 (−11.6, 21.1) | 0.57 |
| Gait speed (m/s) | 0.03 (0.00, 0.06) | 0.05 (0.02, 0.08) | −0.02 (−0.06, 0.02) | 0.34 |
| Six-Min Walk test (m) | 0.9 (−18.1, 20.0) | 4.93 (−14.7, 24.6) | −4.0 (−31.5, 23.5) | 0.77 |
| SRS-30 self-esteem domain (points) | 0.41 (0.28, 0.54) | −0.01 (−0.14, 0.12) | 0.43 (0.24, 0.61) | <0.0001 |
| PROMIS physical health (t-score) | 1.4 (−0.1, 2.8) | 0.0 (−1.5, 1.5) | 1.3 (−0.8, 3.4) | 0.22 |
| PROMIS mental health (t-score) | 0.8 (−0.7, 2.3) | −0.6 (−2.1, 1.0) | 1.4 (−0.8, 3.6) | 0.20 |
| PROMIS physical function (t-score) | 1.4 (0.2, 2.5) | 0.0 (−1.2, 1.2) | 1.4 (−0.3, 3.1) | 0.10 |
All models adjusted for baseline level of the outcome
Significance p <0.05 are presented in italics
HU Hounsfield units, °degrees, s seconds, m meters
a
Positive change reflects improvement in all variables except kyphosis and TUG where a negative change is better