Table 1.
Baseline descriptive and clinical characteristics.
| Variable | Controls (n = 876) | Cases (n = 876) | Pair diff. (p) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | |||
| Sex (male) | 622 (71.0)a | 622 (71.0) | 1.00 |
| Age (years) | 44.4 ± 9.3 (20 to 65)b | 44.5 ± 9.4 (20 to 65) | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2)d | 19.7 ± 3.2 (13.0 to 32.3) | 19.3 ± 2.8 (13.9 to 32.8) | 0.01 |
| Cigarette smoking (ever) | 507 (57.9) | 538 (61.4) | 0.05 |
| Betel nut use (ever)e | 434 (49.5) | 485 (55.5) | 0.07 |
| Educationf | 0.001 | ||
| 0 years | 374 (42.8) | 423 (48.3) | |
| 1–5 years | 236 (27.0) | 251 (28.7) | |
| > 5 years | 263 (30.1) | 201 (23.0) | |
| Own television (yes) | 336 (38.3) | 269 (30.7) | 0.009 |
|
| |||
| Arsenic exposure | |||
|
| |||
| Well water As (μg/L) | 84 ± 96 (0.1 to 571) | 140 ± 136 (0.1 to 790) | <0.0001 |
| Well water As category | <0.0001 | ||
| < 10 μg/L | 220 (25.1) | 135 (15.4) | |
| 10–50 μg/L | 210 (24.0) | 138 (15.8) | |
| 50–100 μg/L | 164 (18.7) | 154 (17.6) | |
| 100–200 μg/L | 178 (20.3) | 213 (24.3) | |
| >200 μg/L | 104 (11.9) | 236 (26.9) | |
| Urinary As (μg/L)g | 125 ± 125 (3.0 to 1,228) | 165 ± 176 (1.0 to 1,278) | <0.0001 |
| Urinary Cr (mg/dL) | 62.7 ± 46.2 (3.9 to 301) | 60.5 ± 46.8 (3.3 to 376) | 0.28 |
| Urinary As adj. for Cr (μg/L)h | 109 ± 91 (4.5 to 777) | 148 ± 132 (4.6 to 1,145) | <0.0001 |
| Urinary As metabolitesg | |||
| Urinary %InAs | 14.0 ± 6.1 (2.7 to 56.4) | 14.8 ± 5.8 (2.0 to 42.4) | 0.0009 |
| Urinary %MMA | 13.8 ± 5.0 (3.3 to 47.3) | 14.1 ± 5.2 (2.4 to 32.9) | 0.13 |
| Urinary %DMA | 72.3 ± 8.2 (35.0 to 92.2) | 71.1 ± 8.5 (38.6 to 90.5) | 0.003 |
|
| |||
| Homocysteine | |||
|
| |||
| Serum Hcys (μM)i | 13.1 ± 7.5 (3.1 to 108)c | 14.2 ± 8.0 (3.5 to 119.0)c | 0.003 |
| Serum Hcys categoryi | 0.04 | ||
| < 10 μM | 169 (24.0) | 133 (18.9) | |
| 10–15 μM | 264 (37.4) | 261 (37.1) | |
| 15–20 μM | 161 (22.8) | 159 (22.6) | |
| > 20 μM | 111 (15.7) | 150 (21.3) | |
a
N (%) (all such values);
b
mean ± SD (range) (all such values);
c
median ± IQR (range);
d
n = 875 controls, n = 868 cases, n = 867 pairs;
e
n = 876 controls, n = 874 cases, n = 874 pairs;
f
n = 873 controls, n = 875 cases, n = 872 pairs;
g
n =863 controls, n = 850 cases, n = 837 pairs;
h
n = 778 controls, n = 781 cases, n = 694 pairs;
i
n = 705 controls, n = 703 cases, n = 701 pairs