. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Mar 28.

Published in final edited form as: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2017 Sep 28:10.1111/nyas.13445. doi: 10.1111/nyas.13445

Table 1.

Description of study sample, stratified by menarche

	Full sample			India			Peru			Vietnam
	Pre- menaracheal (n = 1358)	Menarcheal (n = 638)		Pre- menaracheal (n = 284)	Menarcheal (n = 94)		Pre- menaracheal (n = 544)	Menarcheal (n = 269)		Pre- menaracheal (n = 540)	Menarcheal (n = 275)
Age in months (Round 4, 2013)	144.08	145.30	P < 0.001	143.55	144.93	P = 0.003	142.42	143.93	P < 0.001	146.07	146.81	P = 0.006
Age in months (Round 4, 2013)	(4.00)	(3.82)		(3.91)	(3.63)		(3.51)	(3.78)		(3.65)	(3.35)
First child	0.43	0.46	P = 0.205	0.45	0.57	P = 0.032	0.39	0.42	P = 0.405	0.48	0.47	P = 0.941
First child	(0.50)	(0.50)		(0.50)	(0.50)		(0.49)	(0.49)		(0.50)	(0.50)
Maternal height (cm)	151.43	152.10	P = 0.02	151.17	152.24	P = 0.173	150.56	150.75	P = 0.657	152.43	153.35	P = 0.033
Maternal height (cm)	(5.94)	(5.88)		(6.86)	(5.33)		(5.50)	(5.71)		(5.69)	(5.95)
Maternal age at girl’s birth	25.14	25.57	P = 0.144	22.48	22.16	P = 0.495	25.86	25.82	P = 0.936	25.87	26.55	P = 0.116
Maternal age at girl’s birth	(5.96)	(6.12)		(3.97)	(4.05)		(6.65)	(6.70)		(5.73)	(5.73)
Maternal education (years)	6.90	8.58	P < 0.001	5.02	7.18	P < 0.001	7.84	9.21	P < 0.001	6.96	8.45	P < 0.001
Maternal education (years)	(4.26)	(4.07)		(4.66)	(4.62)		(4.48)	(4.32)		(3.39)	(3.44)
Urban location at 1 year	0.40	0.57	P < 0.001	0.38	0.47	P = 0.117	0.65	0.79	P < 0.001	0.15	0.39	P < 0.001
Urban location at 1 year	(0.49)	(0.50)		(0.49)	(0.50)		(0.48)	(0.41)		(0.37)	(0.49)
Birth weight Z-scores	−0.51	–0.43	P = 0.126	–1.18	–1.21	P = 0.815	–0.18	–0.21	P = 0.758	−0.49	–0.37	P = 0.108
	(1.16)	(1.12)		(1.29)	(1.15)		(1.10)	(1.12)		(0.98)	(0.99)
BMI-for-age Z-scores at 1 year	−0.08	0.13	P < 0.001	−0.99	−0.64	P < 0.001	0.78	0.88	P =0.242	–0.47	–0.33	P = 0.031
	(1.28)	(1.21)		(1.07)	(1.00)		(1.20)	(1.13)		(0.88)	(0.94)
Height-for-age Z-scores at 1 year	–1.11	–0.79	P < 0.001	–1.06	–0.72	P = 0.028	–1.18	–0.92	P < 0.001	–1.06	–0.70	P < 0.001
	(1.20)	(1.19)		(1.32)	(1.28)		(1.18)	(1.28)		(1.16)	(1.04)
Variables at 8 years (Round 3, 2009)
BMI-for-age Z-scores	−0.54	0.04	P < 0.001	−1.29	−0.84	P < 0.001	0.29	0.65	P < 0.001	−1.00	−0.27	P < 0.001
	(1.23)	(1.26)		(0.99)	(1.23)		(1.02)	(1.00)		(1.03)	(1.20)
Height-for-age Z-scores	–1.24	–0.63	P < 0.001	–1.33	–0.77	P < 0.001	–1.25	–0.61	P < 0.001	–1.18	–0.60	P < 0.001
	(0.93)	(0.98)		(0.97)	(0.93)		(0.95)	(1.02)		(0.89)	(0.96)
Household wealth index (SES)	53.44	61.73	P < 0.001	52.24	59.75	P < 0.001	53.62	62.65	P < 0.001	53.89	61.51	P < 0.001
	(18.38)	(18.42)		(17.02)	(14.65)		(20.49)	(18.73)		(16.73)	(19.28)
Consumed fruits and vegetables the previous day	0.93	0.96	P = 0.007	0.96	0.97	P = 0.762	0.89	0.95	P < 0.001	0.96	0.97	P = 0.315
Consumed fruits and vegetables the previous day	(0.25)	(0.19)		(0.19)	(0.18)		(0.32)	(0.22)		(0.20)	(0.16)
Consumed meat and fish the previous day	0.59	0.66	P = 0.002	0.10	0.12	P = 0.59	0.82	0.87	P = 0.01	0.62	0.65	P = 0.342
Consumed meat and fish the previous day	(0.49)	(0.47)		(0.30)	(0.32)		(0.38)	(0.34)		(0.49)	(0.48)
Consumed eggs the previous day	0.39	0.44	P = 0.075	0.13	0.15	P = 0.713	0.61	0.62	P = 0.65	0.32	0.35	P = 0.339
Consumed eggs the previous day	(0.49)	(0.50)		(0.34)	(0.36)		(0.49)	(0.49)		(0.47)	(0.48)
Consumed legumes the previous day	0.29	0.29	P = 0.95	0.19	0.17	P = 0.645	0.46	0.46	P = 0.887	0.18	0.16	P = 0.595
Consumed legumes the previous day	(0.45)	(0.45)		(0.40)	(0.38)		(0.50)	(0.50)		(0.38)	(0.37)
Consumed milk and dairy products the previous day	0.58	0.65	P = 0.002	0.57	0.69	P = 0.378	0.77	0.79	P = 0.398	0.39	0.49	P = 0.004
Consumed milk and dairy products the previous day	(0.49)	(0.48)		(0.50)	(0.46)		(0.42)	(0.41)		(0.49)	(0.50)

NOTE: Differences in means of continuous variables were assessed using t-tests, while differences in proportion in binary variables were assessed with χ² tests.