Table 2. Key Drug-Subphenotype Interactions with Attenuated Cancer Risk–Analysis of the Hong Kong Diabetes Register.

Key phenotypes	Drugs associated with reduced cancer risk	Hypothesized pathways
LDL-C <2.8 mmol/L+albuminuria [13]±HbA1c >7% [11]	Statins and RAS blockers	RAS+IGF-1+HMGCR crosstalk
LDL-C <2.8 mmol/L+low TG <1.7 mmol/L [15]
HDL-C <1 mmol/L [14]	Metformin	AMPK
BMI >27.4 kg/m2 [4]	Not applicable	Not applicable
WBC >8.2×109 count/L [15]	RAS blockers	RAS

RASLDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; TG, triglycerides; RAS, renin-angiotensin system; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor; HMGCR, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; AMPK, adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase; BMI, body mass index; WBC, white blood cell.