Table 3. Impact of Diabetes RAMP Adapted from the Joint Asia Diabetes Evaluation Programme on Treatment Goals and Clinical Outcomes in Primary Care Setting in Hong Kong.

Study	Outcomes	HR (95% CI; P value) vs. usual care
Jiao et al. (2016) [52]	Microvascular complications	0.73 (0.66–0.81; <0.001)
3 Years propensity matched cohort (RAMP-DM vs. usual care)	STDR/blindness	0.55 (0.39–0.78; 0.001)
14,835 Patients/group	ESRD	0.4 (0.24–0.69; 0.001)
	LL ulcers/amputation	0.49 (0.30–0.80; 0.005)
Wan et al. (2018) [51]	Microvascular complications	0.881 (0.834–0.93; 0.001)
5 Years propensity matched cohort (RAMP-DM vs. usual care)	CVD	0.434 (0.4144–0.0455; 0.001)
26,718 Patients/group	All cause mortality	0.339 (0.321–0.357; 0.001)
	Hospitalizations	0.415 (0.403–0.4428; 0.001)
	Emergency attendance	0.588 (0.575–0.602; 0.001)
	Specialist clinic attendance	0.65 (0.636–0.664; 0.001)
Fung et al. (2015) [49]	Proportions of patients reaching treatment goals (2009 vs. 2013)
Longitudinal study (2009 vs. 2013)	LDL-C <2.6 mmol/L	25.9%→65.6%
127,977 Patients in primary care	HbA1c <7%	47.5%→56.5%
	SBP <130 mm Hg	47.5%→56.5%
	DBP <80 mm Hg	65.7%→77.5%
	Waist hip ratio ≤0.9 male; ≤0.85 female	22.9%→18.7%
	Urine ACR ≤2.5 mg/mmol male; ≤3.5 mg/mmol female	77%→73.7%
	Drug use pattern (2009 vs. 2013)
	Statin	9%→55%
	OAD+insulin	0.5%→3%
	ACEI/ARB	59.4%→58.3%
	CCB	73.9%→71%

RAMP, Risk Assessment and Management Program; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; DM, diabetes mellitus; STDR, sight threatening diabetic retinopathy; ESRD, end stage renal disease; LL, lower limb; CVD, cardiovascular disease; LDL-C; low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; ACR, albumin-creatinine ratio; OAD, oral anti-diabetic drug; ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB, calcium channel blockers.