Fig. 1. Classification of 83 genetic loci according to their suggested roles in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. The loci were classified as being involved in insulin secretion if a variant was associated with measures of insulin secretion, such as the homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function, insulinogenic index, or the disposition index. Loci were further classified as being involved in β-cell development if the implicated gene played a role as a transcription factor in β-cell development. Genes that played a role in the insulin secretion cascade or β-cell apoptosis were classified as being involved in β-cell dysfunction. Loci were classified as being involved in insulin resistance if a variant was associated with measures of insulin resistance, such as the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance or the Matsuda index. Genes known to be associated with the body mass index were classified as being involved in obesity, and genes known to be involved in the insulin signaling pathway were classified as being involved in insulin action. Modified and updated from Kwak et al., with permission from Springer Nature [12].