. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Int J Toxicol. 2017 Dec 21;37(1):4–27. doi: 10.1177/1091581817741840

Table 5.

Drug Delivery: Knee Injection Volume Estimates/Scaling for Dose

Species (Ratio inj vol/synovial fluid volume in norm joint (ref values col 2,3)	Estimated^# synovial fluid volume (mL) w/reference	Body weight and injection volumes (BBP^* normal animal experience)	Maximal lavage volumes (BBP), w/o distention to estimate joint volume in normal animals
Mouse	No data available	35g Dose: 5–10 mcL	20 mcL
Rat (300g) (0.03/0/035=0.86)	0.035^# Wehr, 2007¹¹³	175–250g Dose: 10–20 mcL 300–350g Dose: 30–50 mcL	50 mcL 100 mcL
Guinea Pig	No data available	0.7–1kg Dose: 50–100 mcL	200 mcL
Rabbit (3.5kg) (0.35/0.4=0.88)	0.4 (norm)−0.68 (disease) Matsuzaka, 2002¹¹⁴	3–4kg Dose: 0.3–0.5 mL	1 mL, can direct draw for synovial fluid
Dog (25kg) (1.0/1.2=0.83)	1.2^# Wehr, 2007¹¹³	8–12kg Dose: 0.5–1 mL 20–30kg Dose: 1–2 mL	2 mL, can direct draw for synovial fluid (50–100 mcL 80% of the time)
Monkey (Cyno) (0.5/0.58=0.86)	0.58^# Athanasious, 1991¹¹⁵	5–8kg Dose: 0.5–1 mL	No data available
Human (2/7=0.28)	7 (normal) – 14 (disease) Heilman, 1996¹¹⁶	70kg (approximate) Dose: 2 mL (HA etc)	Direct draw of ~500mcL Courtney et al¹¹²

BBP-Bolder BioPATH, Inc, Boulder Colorado, in house data

Calculations were made using cartilage surface area measures (human:animal species) dog:6-fold lower; rat 200 fold lower; rabbit:17 fold lower: monkey 12 fold lower