Table 2.
Linear and nonlinear heart rate variability indices of children with typical development (CG), and children at risk for Developmental Coordination Disorder (r-DCD) and those with DCD grouped together.
| CG (n = 18) | DCD/r-DCD (n = 32) | p-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Supine | Standing | Supine | Standing | G | P | I | |
| HR (bpm)a | 82 (11) | 101 (14)* | 89 (16) | 99 (12)† | 0.47 | 0.000 | 0.02 |
| μRR (ms)a | 750.1 (102.7) | 601.3 (88.1)* | 694.3 (107.13) | 613.5 (73.4) † | 0.38 | 0.000 | 0.01 |
| σ2RR (ms2)b,c | 2496.0 (1715.5–9370.5) | 2005.7 (1303.8–4071.6)* | 3342.5 (2084.1–6168.8) | 1586.2 (985.4–3087.1) † | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| SPECTRAL ANALYSIS | |||||||
| LF (ms2)b,c | 673.0 (455.5–2056) | 524.5 (309.5–931.5)* | 1086 (476.7–2872.7) | 598 (383.5–1353)† | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| HF (ms2)b,c | 1572.5 (487.5–5265) | 338.0 (164.5–509.7)* | 1215.5 (707.7–3208) | 397 (255.5–920.7)† | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| LF (nu)a | 35.7 (15.6) | 63.3 (15.7)* | 42.7 (18.1) | 58.3 (16.4) † | 0.82 | 0.000 | 0.01 |
| HF (nu)a | 64.3 (15.6) | 36.7 (15.7)* | 57.3 (18.1) | 41.7 (16.4) | 0.82 | 0.000 | 0.01 |
| NONLINEAR ANALYSES | |||||||
| SEa | 3.92 (0.36)# | 3.46 (0.30)* | 3.34 (0.8) | 3.31 (0.62) | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.048 |
| SYMBOLIC ANALYSIS | |||||||
| 0V (%)a | 11.5 (8.4)# | 29.6 (11.2)* | 25.5 (20.8) | 31.1 (15.4) | 0.04 | 0.000 | 0.02 |
| 1V (%)a | 44.6 (7.6) | 47.1 (4.0) | 43.2 (10.8) | 45.2 (7.2) | 0.36 | 0.18 | 0.87 |
| 2LV (%)a | 19.3 (6.7)# | 12.0 (5.1)* | 12.5 (7.9) | 10.2 (6.5) | 0.01 | 0.000 | 0.01 |
| 2UV (%)a | 24.6 (13.0) | 11.2 (5.9)* | 18.7 (10.4) | 13.5 (7.7)† | 0.44 | 0.000 | 0.01 |
Values are expressed as mean (SD) or median (1st; 3rd quartile). P, posture main effect; G, group main effect; I, interaction; HR, heart rate; μRR, mean of RR intervals; σ2RR, variance of RR intervals; LF, low frequency component of RR variability; HF, high frequency component of RR variability; nu, normalized units; SE, Shannon entropy; 0V, patterns with no variation; 1V, patterns with one variation; 2LV, patterns with two like variations; 2UV, patterns with two unlike variations; N/A, not applicable.
p < 0.05 CG supine vs. CG standing;
p < 0.05 DCD supine vs. DCD standing;
p < 0.05 CG supine vs. DCD supine.
Two-factor mixed ANOVA with Bonferroni adjustment a posteriori.
Mann-Whitney U test for between group comparisons;
Wilcoxon signed-rank test for within group comparisons.