Table 3.
Linear and nonlinear heart rate variability indices from children with typical development (CG), children at risk for Developmental Coordination Disorder (r-DCD) and those with DCD.
| CG (n = 18) | r-DCD (n = 13) | DCD (n = 19) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Supine | Standing | Supine | Standing | Supine | Standing | |
| HR (bpm)a | 82 (11) | 101 (14) † | 86 (10) | 100 (11) ‡ | 93 (22) | 98 (12) |
| μRR (ms)a | 750.1 (102.7) | 601.3 (88.1) | 706.7 (87.0) | 607.6 (70.0) | 676.2 (133.1) | 622.1 (80.6) |
| σ2RR (ms2)b,c | 2496.0 (1715.5–9370.5) | 2005.7 (1303.8–4071.6) † | 3154.7 (2349.6–6222.8) | 1584.1 (952.8–3052.9) ‡ | 3530.4 (1860–6503.8) | 1588.3 (1031.9–4211.8) § |
| LINEAR ANALYSIS | ||||||
| LF (ms2)b,c | 673.0 (455.5–2056) | 524.5 (309.5–931.5) ‡ | 1260 (539–2985) | 563 (381–1377) ‡ | 727 (448–2849.5) | 633.0 (381–1569) § |
| HF (ms2)b,c | 1572.5 (487.5–5265) | 338.0 (164.5–509.7) † | 1288 (768–3109) | 312 (255–917) ‡ | 1150 (677–4118) | 585.0 (274.5–1121.5) § |
| LF (nu)a | 35.7 (15.6) | 63.3 (15.7) † | 42.1 (16.5) | 57.9 (18.1) | 43.6 (21.0) | 58.8 (14.2) § |
| HF (nu)a | 64.3 (15.6) | 36.7 (15.7) † | 57.9 (16.5) | 42.1 (18.1) | 56.3 (21.0) | 41.2 (14.2) § |
| NONLINEAR ANALYSES | ||||||
| SEa | 3.92 (0.36) | 3.46 (0.30) | 3.30 (0.83) | 3.35 (0.55) | 3.34 (0.80) | 3.25 (0.73) |
| SYMBOLIC ANALYSIS | ||||||
| 0V (%)a | 11.5 (8.4) | 29.6 (11.2) | 24.5 (19.5) | 31.0 (14.5) | 26.9 (23.3) | 31.2 (17.3) |
| 1V (%)a | 44.6 (7.6) | 47.1 (4.0) | 44.9 (10.4) | 46.1 (6.5) | 40.8 (11.2) | 43.9 (8.2) |
| 2LV (%)a | 19.3 (6.7)*# | 12.0 (5.1) † | 12.7 (7.0) | 9.8 (6.3) | 12.3 (9.4) | 10.7 (7.1) |
| 2UV (%)a | 24.6 (13.0) | 11.2 (5.9) † | 17.8 (8.0) | 13.0 (5.4) | 20.0 (13.5) | 14.2 (10.3) |
Values are expressed as mean (SD) or median (1st; 3rd quartile). HR, heart rate; μRR, mean of RR intervals; σ2RR, variance of RR intervals; LF, low frequency component of RR variability; HF, high frequency component of RR variability; nu, normalized units; SE, Shannon entropy; 0V, patterns with no variation; 1V, patterns with one variation; 2LV, patterns with two like variations; 2UV, patterns with two unlike variations.
p < 0.05 CG supine vs. r-DCD supine;
p < 0.05 CG supine vs. DCD supine;
p < 0.05 CG supine vs. CG standing;
p < 0.05 r-DCD supine vs. r-DCD standing.
p < 0.05 DCD supine vs. DCD standing.
Two-factor mixed ANOVA with Bonferroni adjustment a posteriori.
Mann-Whitney U test for between group comparisons.
Wilcoxon signed-rank test for within group comparisons.