Microvescicles/Exosome |
Manek, R., et al., 2017 [11] |
Using targeted immunoblotting approach, several known TBI biomarkers such as αII-spectrin breakdown products, GFAP, and UCH-L1 were found in higher concentrations in microvescicles/exosomes from TBI CSF than their counterparts from control CSF. |
MicroRNA |
Di Pietro, V., et al., 2017 [12] |
Using a real time PCR/MicroRNA assay, early downregulation of miR-425-5p and miR-502 in moderate TBI, and upregulation of miR-21 and miR-335 in patients with severe TBI, were demonstrated. In addition, miR-425-5p and miR-21 were demonstrated to be strong predictors of the 6-month outcome at ultra-early (T0-1 h) and early time points (T4-12 h). |
Bhomia, M., et al., 2016 [13] |
Using a real time PCR/Micro RNA assay, accurate biomarkers of TBI were identified: miR-195, miR-451, miR-92a, miR-486, miR-505, miR-362, and miR-20a. The computational analysis of the 30 genes identified as direct targets for the miRNA candidates listed above revealed involvement of important neurological pathways (i.e., G protein-coupled receptor signaling, GABA receptor signaling, neuropathic pain signaling, etc.). |
Yang, T., et al., 2016 [14] |
Using a real time PCR/Micro RNA assay miR-93, miR-191, and miR-499 emerged as plasma biomarkers to distinguish mild TBI patients from healthy controls. |
Redell, J.B., et al., 2010 [15] |
Using a real time PCR/Micro RNA assay miR-16, miR-92a, and miR-765 were identified as good markers of severe TBI. |
MALDI Mass Spectrometry |
Connor, D.E., Jr.; et al., 2017 [16] |
Using a MALDI MS approach, a consistent CSF elevation of carbonic anhydrase-I (CA-I) and peroxiredoxin-2 (Prx-2), both α and β chains of hemoglobin, with concurrent depletion of serotransferrin (Tf) and N-terminal haptoglobin (Hp), emerged as a useful combination of biomarkers for the prediction of severity and prognosis following TBI. |
Multiplexing and Immunoassays |
Rubenstein, R., et al., 2017 [17] |
Using an ultra-high sensitivity, laser-based, immunoassay, multi-arrayed fiberoptics conjugated with rolling circle amplification, this study demonstrated that plasma P-tau levels and the P-tau/T-tau ratio outperformed T-tau level as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for acute TBI. On the other hand, compared with T-tau levels alone, P-tau levels and P-tau/T-tau ratios show more robust and sustained elevations among patients with chronic TBI. |
Núñez Galindo, A., et al., 2015 [18] |
Using a scalable automated proteomic pipeline known as ASAP(2) for the sample preparation and proteomic analysis of CSF and plasma in TBI patients, this study showed increased throughput and robustness for biomarker discovery, enabling proteome coverage consistency (up to 387 proteins screened), quantitative accuracy, and detection of individual protein variability. |