Table 2.
Identified compounds reported from Asphodelus genus.
| Species | Part Used | Class | Name of Compounds | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A. acaulis | L | Flavonoids | Luteolin; apigenin | [36] |
| R | Anthraquinones | Chrysophanol; asphodelin; 10,7′-bichrysophanol | [37] | |
| A. aestivus | FL | n-alkenes | Hexadecanoic acid (35.6%), pentacosane (17.4%), tricosane (13.4%), heptacosane (8.4%), heneicosane (4.5%), phytol (4.5%), tetracosane (3%), hexacosane (2%), hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (1.7%), tetradecanoic acid (1.4%), docosane (1.3%), nonadecane (1%) | [35] |
| L | Amino acids | Adenosine; tryptophan; phenylalanine | [38] | |
| Anthraquinones | Aloe-emodin; aloe-emodin acetate; chyrosphanol 1-O-gentiobioside | |||
| Flavonoids | Isovitexin; isoorientin; isoorientin 4′-O-β glucopyranoside; 6′′-O-(malonyl)-isoorientin; 6′′-O-[(S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaroyl]-isoorientin | |||
| Phenolic acid | Chlorogenic acid | |||
| SE | Fatty acids | Butyric acid; nervoic acid | [39] | |
| A. albus | L | Anthraquinones | Aloe-emodin; chrysophanol | [36,40] |
| Flavonoid | Luteolin | [36] | ||
| R | Anthraquinones | Chrysophanol; asphodelin; 10,7′-bichrysophanol | [37] | |
| Fatty acids | Myristic (5.3%); palmitic (18.5%); stearic (2.1%); oleic (13.5%); linoleic (44.1%); linolenic (9.9%); arachidic (2.7%); behenic (1.2%); lignoceric (2.1%) acids | [41] | ||
| Triterpenoids | β-sitosterol; β-amyrin; campesterol; stigmasterol; fucosterol | |||
| A. albus var. delphinensis | R | Anthraquinones | Asphodeline; microcorpine; aloe-emodine; chrysophanole | [42] |
| A. cerasifer | L | Anthraquinones | Aloe-emodin | [36] |
| Flavonoids | Isoorientin; luteolin; luteolin 7-glucoside | [36,43] | ||
| R | Anthraquinones | Asphodeline; microcorpine; aloe-emodine; chrysophanole | [41] | |
| * A. delphinensis | L | Flavonoids | Isoorientin; luteolin; luteolin 7-glucoside | [43] |
| A. fistulosus | AP | Anthraquinones | Asphodelin; asphodelin 10′-anthrone; aloesaponarin II; aloe-emodin; chrysophanol; desoxyerythrolaccin | [17] |
| Flavonoids | Chrysoeriol; luteolin | |||
| L | Anthraquinones | Dianhydrorugulosin; aloe-emodin; chrysophanol; 1,8 hydroxy-dianthraquinone | [44] | |
| R | Anthraquinones | Chrysophanol; asphodelin; 10,7′-Bichrysophanol | [37] | |
| SE | Anthraquinones | Dianhydrorugulosin; aloe-emodin; chrysophanol; 1,8 hydroxy-dianthraquinone | [44] | |
| Carbohydrates | Sucrose; raffinose; stachyose | [45] | ||
| Fatty acids | Myristic (0.5%); palmitic (5.7%); stearic (3.6%); oleic (33.1%); linoleic (54.9%) | [45,46] | ||
| Triterpenoids | β-sitosterol; β-amyrin | [45] | ||
| ** A. luteus | L | Anthraquinones | Aloe-emodin | [36] |
| *** A. mauritii Sennen | L | Anthraquinones | Aloe-emodin; chrysophanol | [36] |
| Flavonoids | Luteolin | |||
| A. microcarpus | FL | Terpenoids | Germacrene D (78.3%); germacrene B (3.9%); a-elemene (3.8%); caryophyllene (3.3%) | [22] |
| Flavonoids | Luteolin; luteolin-6-C-glucoside; luteolin-O-hexoside; luteolin-7-O-glucoside; luteolin-O-acetylglucoside; luteolin-O-deoxyhesosylhexoside; methyl-luteolin, naringenin; apigenin | [47] | ||
| Phenolic acids | 3-O caffeoylquinic acid; 5-O caffeoylquinic acid | |||
| L | Anthraquinone | Chrysophanol, 10 (chrysophanol-7-yl)-10-Hydroxychrysophanol-9-antrone, asphodoside C, Dianhydrorugulosin; aloe-emodin | [44,48] | |
| Flavonoids | Luteolin-6-C-glucoside; luteolin-6-c-acetilglucoside; luteolin-C-glucoside; luteolin, isoorientin | [43,49] | ||
| Phenolic acids | 5-O caffeoylquinic acid; cichoric acid; cumaril exosa malic acid | [49] | ||
| R | Anthraquinones | Dianhydrorugulosin; aloe-emodin; chrysophanol; asphodelin; microcarpin, 8 methoxychrysophanol; emodin; 10-(chrysophanol-7′-yl)-10-hydroxychrysophanol-9-anthrone; aloesaponol-III-8-methyl ether; ramosin; aestivin, asphodosides A-E, chrysophanol dianthraquinone; 5,5′-bichrysophanol; chrysophanol-8-mono-β-d-glucoside; Methyl-1,4,5-trihydroxy-7-methyl-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-carboxylate; 6 methoxychrysophanol | [21,44,50,51,52,53,54] | |
| Arylcoumarins | Asphodelin A 4′-O-β-d-glucoside; asphodelin A | [19] | ||
| Carbohydrates | Raffinose; sucrose; glucose; fructose | [55] | ||
| Fatty acids | Palmitic; stearic; oleic; linoleic; linolenic; arachidic; behenic; lignoceric; myristic acids | [55,56] | ||
| Naphthalene derivatives | 2-acetyl-1,8-dimethoxy-3 methylnaphthalene; 1,6-dimethoxy-3-methyl-2-naphthoic acid | [21] | ||
| Mucilage | Composed of glucose; galactose; arabinose | [55] | ||
| Triterpenoids | β-sitosterol-β-d-glucoside, fucosterol | [13,55] | ||
| SE | Anthraquinones | Aloe-emodin; chrysophanol; chrysophanol-8-mono-β-d-glucoside | [44] | |
| Carbohydrates | Sucrose; raffinose; stachyose; melibiose | [45] | ||
| Fatty acids | Myristic; palmitic; stearic; oleic; linoleic acids | |||
| Triterpenoids | β-sitosterol; β-amyrin | |||
| A. ramosus | FL | Flavonoids | Luteolin | [57] |
| Phenolic acids | Caffeic acid; chlorogenic acid; p-hydroxy-benzoic acids | |||
| L | Flavonoids | Luteolin; 7-O-glucosyl luteolin; 7-O-glucosyl apigenin; isoorientin; isoswertiajaponin (7-methyl orientin); isocytisoside (4′-methyl vitexin) | [29] | |
| R | Anthraquinone | Ramosin; (−)-10′-C-[β-d-xylopyranosyl]-; (−)-10′-C-[β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-1,1′,8,8,10,10′-hexa hydroxy -3,3′-dimethyl-10,7′ bianthracene-9,9′-dione; 10′-deoxy-10-epi-ramosin; 10-(chrysophanol-7′-yl)-10-hydroxychrysophanol-9-anthrone; 7′-(Chrysophanol-4-yl)-chrysophanol-10′anthrone10′-C-α-rhamnopyranosyl; -C-β-xylopyranosyl; -C-β-antiaropyranosyl; -C-α-arabinopyranosyl; -C-β-quinovoopyranosyl | [58,59,60] | |
| WP | Flavonoids | Naringin, quercetin, kaemferol | [61] | |
| Phenolic acids | Gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, vanilic acid, cafeic acid | |||
| A. tenuifolius | AP | Flavonoids | Luteolin; luteolin-7-O-β-d-glycopyranoside; apigenin, chrysoeriol | [30] |
| R | Naphthalene derivatives | 1,8-dimethylnaphthalene; 2-acetyl-8-methoxy-3-methyl-1-naphthol; 2-acetyl-1,8-dimethoxy-3-methylnaphthalene | [62] | |
| Triterpenoids | β-sitosterol; stigmasterol | |||
| SE | Ester | 1-O-17methylstearylmyoinositol | [63] | |
| Fatty acids | Myristic (3.96%); palmitic (13.84%); oleic (15.60%); linoleic (62.62%); linolenic (2.60%) | [64,65] | ||
| WP | Amino acids | Crystine; serine; glycine; proline; alanine, glycin; serine; alanine and valine in the form of protein | [66] | |
| Carbohydrates | d-glucose; lactose; d-glucuronic acid; d-arabinose; d-fructose, d-ribose | |||
| Chromone | 2-hentriacontyl-5,7-dihydroxy-8-methyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one | [31] | ||
| Triterpenoids | Asphorodin; asphorin A; asphorin B; β-sitosterol; β-amyrin | [26,28,31] |
AP: Aerial Part; FL: Flower; FR: Fruit; L: Leaf; R: Root; SE: Seed; WP: Whole plant; NI: Not indicated; * The accepted name is Asphodelus albus subsp. delphinensis (Gren. & Godr.). ** Asphodelus luteus L.—synonym of Asphodeline lutea was formerly included in the family Asphodelaceae. *** The accepted name is Asphodelus macrocarpus subsp. rubescens.