Table 4.

In vitro and in vivo biological studies reported from pure compounds isolated from Asphodelus genus.

Species	Pure Compounds	Test/Assay	Result	Reference
A. microcarpus	Asphodelin A 4′-O-β-d-glucoside (1), Asphodelin A (2)	In vitro antimicrobial/fungal activity—micro dilution assay	S. aureus (MIC1 = 128 µg/mL, MIC2 = 16 µg/mL), E. coli (MIC1 = 128 µg/mL, MIC2 = 4 µg/mL), P. aeruginosa (MIC1 = 256 µg/mL, MIC2 = 8 µg/mL), C. albicans (MIC1 = 512 µg/mL, MIC2 = 64 µg/mL) and B. cinerea (MIC1 = 1024 µg/mL, MIC2 = 128 µg/mL	[19]
	3-methyl anthraline, chrysophanol, and aloe-emodine	Psoriasis	Positive (patent)	[78,79]
	1,6-dimethoxy-3-methyl-2-naphthoic acid (1), asphodelin (2), chrysophanol (3), 8 methoxychrysophanol (4), emodin (5), 2-acetyl-1,8-dimethoxy-3-methylnaphthalene (6), 10-(chrysophanol-7′-yl)-10-hydroxychrysophanol-9-anthrone (7), aloesaponol-III-8-methyl ether (8), ramosin (9), aestivin (10)	In vitro anti-parasitic activity	Compounds 3 and 4 showed moderate to weak against a culture of L. donovani promastigotes (IC50 = 14.3 and 35.1 μg/mL, respectively)	[21]
		In vitro cytotoxic activity-Human acute leukemia HL60 cells/human chronic leukemia 562 cells	Compounds 7 and 9 exhibited a potent cytotoxic activity against leukemia LH60 and K562 cell lines
		In vitro antimalarial activity—chloroquine sensitive & resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum (plasmodial LDH activity)	Compound 10 showed potent antimalarial activities against both chloroquine-sensitive and resistant strains of P. falciparum (IC50 = 0.8–0.7 μg/mL) without showing any cytotoxicity to mammalian cells
		In vitro anti-microbial/fungal activity	Compound 4 exhibited moderate antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans (IC50 = 15.0 μg/mL), compounds 5, 7 and 10 showed good to potent activity against methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (IC50 = 6.6, 9.4 μg/mL and 1.4 μg/mL respectively). Compounds 5, 8 and 9 displayed good activity against S. aureus (IC50 = 3.2, 7.3 and 8.5 μg/mL, respectively)
	Methyl-1,4,5-trihydroxy-7-methyl-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-carboxylate (1), (1R) 3,10-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1H-1,4 epoxybenzo[h]isochromene (2), 3,4-dihydroxy-methyl benzoate (3), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (4), 6 methoxychrysophanol (6)	In vitro anti-parasitic activity	Compound 3 showed activity against a culture of L. donovani promastigotes (IC50 = 33.2 µg/mL)	[54]
		In vitro anti-microbial/activity	Compound 1 showed a potent activity against methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and S. aureus (IC50: 1.5 and 1.2 µg/mL, Respectively)
	5 Compounds, Asphodosides A–E	In vitro anti-microbial activity	Compounds 2–4 showed activity against methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (IC50: 1.62, 7.0 and 9.0 µg/mL, respectively). activity against S. aureus (non-MRSA), IC50 = 1.0, 3.4 and 2.2 µg/mL, respectively	[51]
A. tenuifolius	Asphorodin	In vitro anti-inflammatory-inhibition of lipoxigenase enzyme	Potent inhibitory activity (IC50 = 18.1 µM), Reference: baicalein (22.6 µM)	[26]