Table 2.

Gender differences in levels of cadmium accumulation.

Country	Age/Organs	Cadmium Concentration (μg/g Wet Weight)
		Males			Females
		N	Mean	Range	N	Mean	Range
Australia [60]	Age (years)	43	37.05	2–89	18	42.11	3–86
	Lung	43	0.11	0.001–1.15	18	0.17	0.001–1.45
	Liver	43	0.78	0.10–3.23	18	1.36	0.18–3.95
	Kidney	43	14.6	0.72–43.03	18	18.1	1.67–63.25
Japan III [64]	Itai-itai disease diagnosis
	Age (years)	1	94	-	35	78.5	61–90
	Liver	1	139.0	-	35	62.4	14.4–170.2
	Kidney cortex	1	58.3	-	33	25.6	9.7–112.5
	Kidney medulla	1	36.6	-	32	20.8	8.9–66.7
	Pancreas	1	92.0	-	23	42.8	11.1–102.8
	Thyroid	1	132.1	-	22	35.0	1.9–171.0
	Heart	1	2.9	-	25	0.8	0.2–4.8
	Muscle	1	16.1	-	25	8.5	3.5–14.6
	Aorta	1	3.9	-	24	2.5	0.3–4.7
	Bone	1	2.5	-	25	1.6	0.2–3.8
Japan III [64]	Residents of a non-polluted area
	Age (years)	36	71.4	60–85	36	72.7	60–91
	Liver	36	7.9	1.3–33.3	36	13.1	3.1–106.4
	Kidney cortex	36	72.1	19.4–200	35	83.9	3.9–252.9
	Kidney medulla	36	18.3	3.5–76.4	35	24.5	4.0–105.0
	Pancreas	7	7.4	3.0–25.9	16	10.5	2.5–29.8
	Thyroid	5	10.6	3.8–35	16	11.9	3.9–56.4
	Heart	7	0.3	0.1–0.5	17	0.4	0.1–1.3
	Muscle	7	1.2	0.3–3.2	16	2.2	0.8–12.4
	Aorta	5	1.0	0.4–2.5	16	1.1	0.3–3.0
	Bone	5	0.4	0.2–0.6	16	0.6	0.2–1.6