Figure 1.

Assessment of Cd-induced nephrotoxicity in a 12-week sub-chronic rat model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received daily subcutaneous injections of Cd (0.6 mg/kg/day) 5-days a week for 12 weeks, while the controls received injections of isotonic saline. (A) Urine volume; (B) urinary protein; (C) urinary creatinine; (D) urinary Kim-1; (E) urinary β₂ microglobulin; (F) urinary cystatin C. The data are mean ± SEM; an asterisk (*) indicates statistical significance from the saline control (N = 6 per group, unpaired t-test, p ≤ 0.05).