Table 1.
Mucoadhesive nanocarriers studied for nose-to-brain delivery.
| Nanocarrier | Drug | Application | Size (nm) | PDI | ζ-potential (mV) | EE (%) | DL (%) | Biodistribution | DTE | DTP | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Methacrylic-PCL Ncps | Olanzapine | Schizophrenia | 254.9 ± 12.1 | 0.030 | +22.0 ± 1.2 | 99.0 | - | HPLC-UV | - | - | [88] |
| β CD Albumin NPs | Tacrine | AD | 189.3 ± 10.0 | 0.228 | −10.2 ± 0.6 | - | 12.5 | - | - | - | [90] |
| Delonix regia gum NLC | Ondansetron | Nausea | 92.3 ± 13.0 | 0.360 | −11.5 ± 2.3 | 39.5 | 5.6 | HPLC-UV | 506.0 | 97.1 | [91] |
| Alginate NPs | Venlafaxine | Depression | 173.7 ± 2.5 | 0.391 | +37.4 ± 1.7 | 81.3 | 26.7 | CFM | 425.8 | 76.5 | [92] |
| Chitosan NPs | Estradiol | AD | 269.3 ± 31.6 | - | +25.4± 0.7 | 64.7 | 1.9 | HPLC-Fluo | 320.0 | 68.4 | [95] |
| Chitosan NPs | Rivastigmine | AD | 185.4 ± 8.4 | 0.391 | +38.4 ± 2.8 | 85.3 | 43.4 | CFM | 355.0 | 71.8 | [96] |
| Chitosan NPs | Thymoquinone | AD | 172.4 ± 7.4 | 0.130 | +30.3 ± 2.2 | 63.3 | 31.2 | γ scintigraphy | 3321.2 | 97.0 | [97] |
| Chitosan NPs | Bromocriptine | PD | 161.3 ± 4.7 | 0.440 | +40.3 ± 2.7 | 84.2 | 37.8 | γ scintigraphy | 633.0 | 84.2 | [98] |
| Chitosan NPs | Ropinirole | PD | 173.7 ± 2.3 | 0.390 | +32.7 ± 1.5 | 69.6 | 13.8 | γ scintigraphy | - | - | [99] |
| Chitosan NPs | Rasagiline | PD | 151.1 ± 10.3 | 0.380 | - | 96.4 | - | HPLC-UV | 325.0 | 69.3 | [100] |
| Chitosan NPs | Pramipexole | PD | 292.5 ± 8.8 | 0.292 | +14.0 ± 2.9 | 93.3 | - | - | - | - | [101] |
| Chitosan NPs | Tapentadol | Chronic pain | 201.2 ± 1.5 | 0.201 | +49.3 ± 1.2 | 63.5 | 17.2 | HPLC-UV | 321.0 | 68.8 | [102] |
| Trimethylchitosan NPs | Leu-Enk | Chronic pain | 443.0 ± 23.0 | 0.317 | +15.0 ± 2.0 | 78.3 | 14.0 | - | - | - | [103] |
| Thiolated Chitosan NPs | Tizanidine | Muscular pain | 276.2 ± 13.9 | - | +18.3 ± 1.4 | 75.6 | - | γ scintigraphy | 8523 | 98.8 | [105] |
| Thiolated Chitosan NPs | Cyclobenzaprine | Muscular pain | 272.1 ± 11.5 | - | +20.9 ± 1.7 | 70.4 | 5.4 | γ scintigraphy | 2471 | 96.0 | [106] |
| Thiolated Chitosan NPs | Selegiline | Depression | 215.0 ± 34.7 | 0.214 | +17.1 | 70.0 | - | - | - | - | [107] |
| GC SBE β CD NPs | Dopamine | PD | 372.0 ± 81.0 | 0.260 | +9.3 ± 1.3 | 54.5 | - | FM | - | - | [108] |
| Chitosan-PLGA NPs | Chlorpromazine | Schizophrenia | 463.9 ± 12.0 | 0.187 | +21 ± 2 | 36.7 | 4.6 | - | - | - | [109] |
| Chitosan-coated Liposomes | Ghrelin | Cachexia | 194.0 ± 6.1 | 0.198 | +6.0 ± 0.4 | 56.1 | - | - | - | - | [110] |
| Lecithin/Chitosan NPs | Simvastatin | AD | 204.5 ± 15.4 | 0.098 | +48.4 ± 4.1 | 98.5 | - | γ scintigraphy | - | - | [113] |
Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer’s Disease; CFM, Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy; EE, Encapsulation Efficiency; GC SBE β CD NPs, Glycol Chitosan Sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin Nanoparticles; Leu-Enk, Leucine-Enkephalin; FM, Fluorescence Microscopy; NCL, Nanostructured Lipid Carriers; PCL Ncps, Poly(ε-caprolactone) Nanocapsules; PD, Parkinson’s Disease.