Table 2.
Mucus-penetrating and penetration-enhancing nanocarriers studied for nose-to-brain delivery.
| Nanocarrier | Drug | Application | Size (nm) | PDI | ζ-potential (mV) | EE (%) | DL (%) | Biodistribution | DTE | DTP | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pluronic® F127 PLGA NPs | Diazepam | Epilepsy | 183.2 | <0.200 | <−15 | 87.8 | - | γ scintigraphy | 258.0 | 61.0 | [51] |
| Pluronic® F127 PLGA NPs | Midazolam | Epilepsy | 164.0 ± 4.5 | 0.099 | −16.6 ± 2.5 | 87.4 | 5.3 | γ scintigraphy | 234.7 | - | [129] |
| Lipid/PEG-PLGA NPs | FTA | Glioblastoma | 164.3 ± 10.3 | 0.192 | −12.0 ± 1.3 | 97.7 | 3.5 | HPLC-MS | - | - | [130] |
| TPGS Micelles | Zolmitriptan | Migraine | 24.2 ± 0.7 | 0.064 | - | - | - | γ scintigraphy | - | - | [136] |
| TPGS Micelles | Sumatriptan | Migraine | 23.1 ± 0.4 | 0.046 | - | - | - | γ scintigraphy | - | - | [137] |
| Poloxamer 188 Cubosomes | Olanzapine | Schizophrenia | 363.0 ± 31.8 | 0.088 | - | 67.3 | - | HPLC-MS/MS | 100 | - | [138] |
| Spanlastics | Risperidone | Schizophrenia | 103.4 | 0.341 | −45.92 | 63.9 | - | HPLC-MS/MS | 468.9 | 55.2 | [139] |
| Gelatin NLC | bFGF | PD | 172.0 ± 1.3 | 0.105 | −27.6 ± 1.1 | 86.7 | 4.6 | Western blot | - | - | [140] |
| Polysorbate 80 SLN | Rosmarinic acid | HD | 149.2 ± 18.2 | 0.290 | −38.27 | 61.9 | - | HPLC-UV | - | - | [141] |
| Novasomes | Zolmitriptan | Migraine | 149.9 ± 10.9 | 0.477 | −55.6 ± 1.0 | 92.9 | - | γ scintigraphy | - | 99.2 | [143] |
Abbreviations: bFGF, basic Fibroblast Growth Factor; EE, Encapsulation Efficiency; FTA, farnesylthiosalicylic acid; HD, Huntington’s Disease; NLC, Nanostructured Lipid Carriers; PD, Parkinson’s Disease; SLN, Solid Lipid Nanoparticles.