Table 1.

Exemplary overview of methods that are able to measure process variables of mammalian cell culture quantitatively or qualitatively, according to [4,13]. UV/Vis, ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy; NIR, near-infrared spectroscopy; MIR mid-infrared spectroscopy; VCD, viable cell density.

Method	Component	Quantitative or Qualitative
UV/Vis	Cell density	Quantitative
Fluorescence	VCD, titer, tyrosine, tryptophan	Quantitative
Raman	Glc, Lac, Gln, Glu, Amm, VCD	Quantitative
NIR	Glc, Lac, Biomass, Gln, AMM, titer, viscosity	Quantitative and qualitative
MIR	Glc, EtOH, organic acids	Quantitative