FIG 1 .

IL-1 signaling is required for WNV control. BMDCs (A, C) or BMMs (B, D) from WT or Il-1r^−/− mice were infected with WNV at an MOI of 2.5 and compared with mock-infected cells. At 24 and 48 h, WNV titers were determined by plaque assay (A, B) and IFN-β levels were measured by ELISA (C, D). (E) IL-1β (0, 10, or 100 ng/ml) was titrated onto WT BMDCs 24 h prior to infection with WNV at an MOI of 2.5. WNV RNA was measured by qRT-PCR at 48 h p.i. The data are averages of three (A to D) or five (E) independent experiments. Asterisks indicate values that are statistically significantly different by Mann-Whitney U test (A, B) or by unpaired t test (C to E) (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001). MK, mock treatment.