Table 1.

Applications of CU in extreme settings according to the literature.

Authors	Kind of study	Number of subjects	Setting	Condition assessed
Farrow [26]	Pilot study	19	UNMIL Hospital in Dili, East Timor, or with 3rd Health Support Battalion (3H SB)	Hemothorax and hemopericardium
Cremona et al. [27]	Prospective study	262	Monte Rosa mountain (4559 m)	PE
Strode et al. [28]	Original research	5	U.S. Army Combat Support Hospital, remotely placed in the field 20 miles from tertiary care	Pericardial effusion
Foale et al. [29]	Original research	1	International Space Station (ISS)	Normal anatomy
Fagenholz et al. [30]	Original research	11	Himalayan Rescue Association Clinic, Pheriche, Nepal (4240 m)	PE
Dean et al. [31]	Original research	3	Aftermath of Hurricane Stan (out of total 139 US examinations in 9 days)	Pleura and lung injuries
Frassi et al. [32]	Prospective study	31	International Apnea Diving Championship, Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt	PE
Otto et al. [33]	Brief report	2	Advanced Base Camp on Mount Everest (6400 m)	PE
Madill [34]	Case report	1	Forward operating base in combat scenario, Afghanistan	Pneumothorax
Pratali et al. [35]	Observational study	18	Trekking Gokyo and Khumbu Valley, Kathmandu (1350 m), Namche Bazaar (3440 m), Gokyo (4790 m), and Gorak Shep (5130 m), Nepal	PE
Pingitore et al. [36]	Original research	31	Ironman Triathlon (3.8 km swimming + 180 km cycling + 42 km running); Pisa, Italy (30 m above the sea level)	PE
Boussuges et al. [37]	Original research	30	Apnea diving competition in the Mediterrenean Sea (autumn and winter)	PE
Shorter and Macias [38]	Retrospective observational	6	7-Richter magnitude earthquake	Hemodynamic monitoring, PE, consolidation, atelectasis, and lung recruitment
Yin et al. [39]	Retrospective analysis	97	Lushan earthquake	Hemodynamic monitoring, PE, consolidation, atelectasis, and lung recruitment

PE = pulmonary edema.