TABLE 4.

HRs (95% CIs) of CHD risk for replacing other fats with MUFAs¹

	CHD risk
	NHS	P	HPFS	P	Pooled2	P
MUFA-Ps replacing
SFAs (5% of energy)	0.77 (0.58, 1.01)	0.06	0.90 (0.69, 1.19)	0.47	0.83 (0.68, 1.00)	0.05
Refined carbohydrates (5% of energy)	0.85 (0.71, 1.01)	0.06	0.87 (0.73, 1.03)	0.11	0.86 (0.76, 0.97)	0.01
trans Fats (2% of energy)	0.76 (0.63, 0.93)	0.006	0.84 (0.70, 1.01)	0.07	0.80 (0.70, 0.91)	0.001
MUFA-As replacing
SFAs (5% of energy)	0.95 (0.63, 1.44)	0.82	1.17 (0.80, 1.72)	0.42	1.04 (0.79, 1.38)	0.76
Refined carbohydrates (5% of energy)	1.01 (0.75, 1.35)	0.97	1.21 (0.93, 1.57)	0.15	1.11 (0.91, 1.35)	0.31
trans Fats (2% of energy)	0.85 (0.69, 1.04)	0.11	0.93 (0.77, 1.13)	0.48	0.88 (0.77, 1.01)	0.08
MUFA-Ps replacing
MUFA-As (5% of energy)	0.73 (0.58, 0.92)	0.007	0.77 (0.63, 0.93)	0.007	0.76 (0.65, 0.88)	<0.001
SFAs+MUFA-As (5% of energy)	0.79 (0.68, 0.92)	0.002	0.82 (0.71, 0.94)	0.005	0.81 (0.73, 0.90)	<0.001

¹Values were calculated by using a Cox proportional hazards model, after adjusting for age, ethnicity (white or other ethnicity), smoking status [never, former, current (1–14, 15–24, or ≥25 cigarettes/d), or missing], alcohol intake (0, 0.1–4.9, 5.0–14.9, and ≥15.0 g/d in women; 0, 0.1–4.9, 5.0–29.9, and ≥30.0 in men; or missing), family history of myocardial infarction (yes or no), family history of diabetes (yes or no), menopausal status and postmenopausal hormone use [premenopause, postmenopause (never, former, or current hormone use), or missing for women], physical activity (<3, 3.0–8.9, 9.0–17.9, 18.0–26.9, or ≥27.0 metabolic equivalent tasks/wk or missing), current aspirin use (yes or no), multivitamin use (yes or no), baseline hypertension, baseline hypercholesterolemia, BMI (kg/m²; <23, 23–24.9, 25–29.9, 30–34.9, or ≥35 or missing), total energy intake (kilocalories per day), and intakes of fruit and vegetables (in quintiles). For refined-carbohydrate substitution, the model was further adjusted for energy from protein, whole-grain carbohydrates, trans fats, PUFAs, and SFAs; for trans fat substitution, the model was further adjusted for total fats, PUFAs, and SFAs; for SFA substitution, the model was further adjusted for total fats, trans fats, and PUFAs. All MUFA-P models were further adjusted for MUFA-As, and vice versa. CHD, coronary heart disease; HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-Up Study; MUFA-A, MUFA from animal sources; MUFA-P, MUFA from plant sources; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study.

²Study estimates from 2 cohorts were pooled by using a fixed-effects model.