Table 2. Twelve-Month and Lifetime Prevalence of Other Psychiatric Disorders Among Those With DSM-5 MDDa.
| Comorbid Psychiatric Disorder | 12 mo | Lifetime | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalence (SD)b | aOR (95% CI)c | Adjusted aOR (95% CI)d | Prevalence (SD)b | aOR (95% CI)c | Adjusted aOR (95% CI)d | |
| Any substance use disorder | 45.3 (0.86) | 2.0 (1.84-2.16) | 1.4 (1.24-1.52) | 57.9 (0.75) | 2.2 (2.02-2.31) | 1.5 (1.35-1.57) |
| Alcohol use disorder | 22.2 (0.86) | 1.8 (1.63-2.01) | 1.2 (1.06-1.33) | 40.8 (0.86) | 2.0 (1.88-2.20) | 1.3 (1.16-1.40) |
| Any drug use disorder | 10.1 (0.57) | 3.0 (2.57-3.55) | 1.5 (1.20-1.79) | 17.6 (0.65) | 2.5 (2.21-2.78) | 1.3 (1.14-1.49) |
| Nicotine use disorder | 32.8 (0.94) | 1.9 (1.69-2.07) | 1.3 (1.12-1.41) | 38.9 (0.83) | 1.9 (1.75-2.02) | 1.2 (1.12-1.34) |
| Any anxiety disorder | 36.4 (0.96) | 4.2 (3.81-4.57) | 2.2 (1.94-2.44) | 37.3 (0.70) | 3.9 (3.57-4.17) | 2.2 (2.05-2.43) |
| Panic | 11.4 (0.59) | 4.4 (3.73-5.25) | 1.8 (1.45-2.21) | 12.8 (0.53) | 3.4 (3.05-3.89) | 1.6 (1.40-1.86) |
| Agoraphobia | 05.6 (0.44) | 4.2 (3.28-5.27) | 1.3 (1.05-1.70) | 05.0 (0.33) | 3.7 (3.04-4.54) | 1.3 (1.07-1.64) |
| Social phobia | 09.4 (0.64) | 3.9 (3.32-4.66) | 1.5 (1.19-1.76) | 08.7 (0.46) | 3.4 (2.95-3.86) | 1.4 (1.22-1.61) |
| Specific phobia | 11.6 (0.59) | 2.1 (1.84-2.35) | 1.0 (0.86-1.15) | 12.2 (0.40) | 2.3 (2.10-2.57) | 1.3 (1.10-1.41) |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 19.9 (0.76) | 5.7 (4.98-6.50) | 2.4 (2.10-2.83) | 20.5 (0.57) | 4.9 (4.39- 5.47) | 2.5 (2.18-2.78) |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder | 16.3 (0.85) | 4.4 (3.92-5.03) | 1.8 (1.54-2.12) | 15.6 (0.64) | 4.1 (3.70-4.63) | 1.9 (1.67-2.23) |
| Any personality disordere | 40.9 (1.13) | 4.6 (4.12-5.03) | 2.4 (2.10-2.70) | 31.9 (0.86) | 3.9 (3.58-4.29) | 2.0 (1.83-2.25) |
| Schizotypal | 18.4 (0.94) | 3.8 (3.33-4.30) | 1.2 (1.04-1.46) | 13.6 (0.68) | 3.4 (2.90-3.88) | 1.2 (1.03-1.47) |
| Borderline | 35.7 (1.06) | 5.2 (4.70-5.74) | 2.6 (2.28-2.94) | 26.6 (0.73) | 4.4 (4.02-4.81) | 2.2 (1.94-2.43) |
| Antisocial | 08.4 (0.56) | 2.3 (1.92-2.72) | 0.9 (0.76-1.15) | 07.4 (0.39) | 2.5 (2.15-2.84) | 1.2 (0.97-1.35) |
Abbreviations: aOR, adjusted odds ratio; MDD, major depressive disorder.
The aORs indicate associations of MDD with other psychiatric disorders.
Prevalence of the given disorder among those with MDD in the corresponding time frame (eg, prevalence of 12-month disorders among those with 12-month MDD).
All aORs represent the odds of having a specific comorbid disorder among individuals with MDD relative to the odds of having specific comorbid disorder among individuals who do not have MDD. The aORs were adjusted for sex, race/ethnicity, age, marital status, educational level, family income, urbanicity, and region.
The aORs were adjusted for sex, race/ethnicity, age, marital status, educational level, family income, urbanicity, region, and psychiatric disorders other than bipolar I disorder.
Personality disorders assessed on a lifetime basis.