Table 1. Prior Mental Health Conditions and Treatments and Any Opioid Receipta.
| Prior Mental Health Factor | No. (%) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nonrecipients (n = 489 704) | Recipients (n = 489 704) | ||
| Anxiety | |||
| Anxiety disorder | 20 649 (4.2) | 26 005 (5.3) | 1.28 (1.25-1.30) |
| Benzodiazepine | 6880 (1.4) | 11 079 (2.3) | 1.63 (1.58-1.68) |
| Mood | |||
| Bipolar or other mood disorder | 10 184 (2.1) | 11 857 (2.4) | 1.17 (1.14-1.20) |
| Depressive disorder | 28 680 (5.9) | 36 299 (7.4) | 1.29 (1.27-1.31) |
| Suicide attempt or self-injury | 1213 (0.2) | 1263 (0.3) | 1.04 (0.96-1.13) |
| Mood stabilizer | 3336 (0.7) | 4324 (0.9) | 1.30 (1.24-1.36) |
| SNRI | 1573 (0.3) | 2453 (0.5) | 1.56 (1.47-1.67) |
| SSRI | 23 944 (4.9) | 33 777 (6.9) | 1.45 (1.42-1.47) |
| Neurodevelopment | |||
| ADHD | 31 437 (6.4) | 38 863 (7.9) | 1.26 (1.24-1.28) |
| ADHD medication | 34 213 (7.0) | 44 929 (9.2) | 1.35 (1.33-1.37) |
| Psychosis | |||
| Schizophrenia spectrum disorder | 2259 (0.5) | 2259 (0.5) | 1.00 (0.94-1.06) |
| Antipsychotic | 8663 (1.8) | 10 196 (2.1) | 1.18 (1.15-1.22) |
| Sleep | |||
| Sleep disorder | 6444 (1.3) | 8645 (1.8) | 1.35 (1.31-1.39) |
| Nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic | 1375 (0.3) | 2318 (0.5) | 1.69 (1.58-1.81) |
| Substance use | |||
| Nonopioid SUD | 9037 (1.8) | 10 189 (2.1) | 1.13 (1.10-1.16) |
| OUD | 612 (0.1) | 564 (0.1) | 0.92 (0.82-1.03) |
| OUD medication | 206 (0.04) | 203 (0.04) | 0.99 (0.81-1.20) |
| Psychotherapy | |||
| For any diagnosis | 40 820 (8.3) | 55 390 (11.3) | 1.41 (1.39-1.43) |
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; OUD, opioid use disorder; SNRI, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; SUD, substance use disorder.
a
Randomly selected 40% of recipients matched 1:1 to nonrecipients on sex, months of enrollment, and age and year of first enrollment.