Table 4. Prevalence of Cardiac Abnormalities by Age.
| Abnormality | No. (%) of Patients by Age Quartiles, y | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2.1-3.6 (n = 6) | 3.7-5.9 (n = 7) | 6.0-9.2 (n = 7) | >9.2 (n = 7) | |
| LV abnormalities | ||||
| Diastolic dysfunctiona | 1 (17) | 3 (43) | 6 (86) | 6 (86) |
| Systolic dysfunction (LVEF<55%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| LVH (mass and mass/volume z scores >2) | 0 | 0 | 1 (14) | 6 (86) |
| Mitral valve abnormalities | ||||
| Stenosis (mean gradient >3 mm Hg) | 0 | 0 | 0 (10) | 2 (29) |
| Regurgitation (more than mild) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Annular or chordal calcification | 0 | 0 | 3 (43) | 5 (71) |
| Aortic valve abnormalities | ||||
| Stenosis (MIG>15 mm Hg) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (14) |
| Regurgitation (more than mild) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Annular calcification | 0 | 0 | 1 (14) | 3 (43) |
| ECG abnormalities | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 (29) |
| Cardiac history and symptoms | ||||
| Congestive heart failure | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Dyspnea | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Chest pain | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Cardiac arrhythmias | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Myocardial infarction | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Abbreviations: ECG, electrocardiogram; EF, ejection fraction; LV, left ventricle; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; MIG, maximum Doppler instantaneous gradient.
a
Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction was defined as septal or lateral E′ velocity z score less than −2.