Table 1. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of 612 Adults With Congenital Heart Disease, Categorized by Presence of Albuminuria.
| Variable | No. (%) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ACR <30 mg/g (n = 506) | ACR ≥30 mg/g (n = 106) | ||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 37.5 (13.2) | 43.8 (13.1) | <.001 |
| White race | 373 (73.7) | 78 (73.6) | >.99 |
| Men | 252 (49.8) | 52 (49.1) | .88 |
| BMI, mean (SD)a | 27.2 (9.8) | 26.5 (6.4) | .23 |
| BMI >30a | 131 (25.8) | 25 (23.6) | .57 |
| Hypertension | 72 (14.2) | 11 (10.4) | .29 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 13 (2.6) | 11 (10.4) | <.001 |
| Current tobacco use | 21 (4.2) | 6 (5.7) | .49 |
| Chronic kidney diseaseb | 12 (2.4) | 13 (12.3) | <.001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 9 (1.8) | 1 (0.9) | .53 |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 12 (2.4) | 14 (13.2) | <.001 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 7 (1.4) | 7 (6.6) | .01 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 36 (7.1) | 18 (17.0) | .001 |
| Stroke | 20 (4.0) | 9 (8.5) | .05 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 65 (6.1) | 15 (14.1) | .71 |
| Cyanosisa,c | 23 (5.1) | 21 (22.6) | <.001 |
| Mechanical valve | 24 (4.7) | 6 (5.7) | .70 |
| Single-ventricle Fontan circulation | 62 (12.2) | 24 (22.6) | <.001 |
| NYHA functional classa | |||
| 1 | 392 (77.8) | 58 (55.2) | <.001 |
| 2 | 97 (19.3) | 36 (34.3) | |
| 3/4 | 15 (3.0) | 11 (10.5) | |
| Disease complexity | |||
| Mild | 106 (20.9) | 17 (16.0) | <.001 |
| Moderate | 237 (46.8) | 32 (30.2) | |
| Severe | 63 (12.4) | 57 (53.7) | |
| Medications | |||
| Aspirin | 147 (29.1) | 44 (41.5) | .04 |
| ACE inhibitor or ARB | 151 (29.8) | 33 (31.1) | .79 |
| β-Blocker | 144 (28.5) | 46 (43.4) | .003 |
| Potassium-sparing diuretic | 38 (7.5) | 18 (17.0) | .002 |
| Loop diuretic | 72 (14.2) | 49 (46.2) | <.001 |
| Statin | 51 (10.1) | 17 (16.0) | .08 |
| Warfarin | 76 (15.0) | 39 (36.8) | <.001 |
| Digoxin | 37 (7.3) | 23 (21.7) | <.001 |
| Laboratory testsa | |||
| Hemoglobin, mean (SD), g/dL | 14.2 (1.6) | 14.7 (2.7) | .09 |
| Serum creatinine, median (IQR), mg/dL | 0.8 (0.7-1.0) | 0.8 (0.7-1.0) | .36 |
| eGFR, median (IQR), mL/min/1.73 m2 | 103.3 (90.0-116.4) | 99.1 (78.8-108.7) | .002 |
| C-reactive protein, median (IQR), mg/L | 1.2 (0.4-2.6) | 2.0 (0.9-4.8) | <.001 |
| Serum albumin, mean (SD), g/dL | 4.6 (0.4) | 4.4 (0.4) | .007 |
| Serum sodium, mean (SD), mmol/L | 140 (2.3) | 140 (2.8) | .29 |
Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; IQR, interquartile range; NYHA, New York Heart Association.
a
Data were missing from 3 patients for NYHA functional class, 6 patients for BMI, 28 patients for blood laboratory tests, and 67 patients for cyanosis status (oxygen saturation).
b
Chronic kidney disease was defined as eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2.
c
Cyanosis was defined as a resting oxygen saturation of less than 92%.