Table 1. Demographic Information and Clinical Data.
| Variable | CTL (n = 25) | RES (n = 20) | CVT (n = 20) | Statistical Value | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic Information | |||||
| Age at scan, mean (SD), y | 18.99 (2.61) | 18.94 (2.62) | 18.75 (2.50) | F2,62 = 0.05 | .95 |
| Age at study entry, mean (SD) | 12.61 (1.81) | 13.18 (1.57) | 11.99 (1.37) | F2,62 = 2.71 | .07 |
| Years in study, mean (SD) | 6.38 (1.85) | 5.77 (1.86) | 6.76 (2.22) | F2,62 = 1.31 | .28 |
| Race/ethnicity, No. | χ28 = 4.53 | .81 | |||
| White | 15 | 13 | 12 | ||
| Black | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||
| Hispanic | 1 | 2 | 0 | ||
| Asian | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Other/multiracial | 7 | 4 | 6 | ||
| Declined to state | 0 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Baseline annual household income, $, mean rank | 32.00 | 26.63 | 23.71 | χ22 = 2.84 | .24 |
| <10 000 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 10 000-25 000 | 0 | 1 | 2 | ||
| 25 001-50 000 | 0 | 2 | 5 | ||
| 50 001-75 000 | 4 | 2 | 1 | ||
| 75 001-100 000 | 4 | 5 | 2 | ||
| >100 000 | 10 | 8 | 7 | ||
| Declined to state | 7 | 1 | 3 | ||
| Baseline daughter WISC score, mean (SD) | 47.88 (7.53) | 49.70 (6.30) | 47.61 (6.23) | F2,61 = 0.56 | .57 |
| Baseline mother WAIS score, mean (SD) | 57.83 (7.00) | 63.11 (5.79) | 58.84 (7.88) | F2,61 = 3.29 | .04 |
| Baseline mother educational level, mean rank | 32.14 | 34.03 | 31.37 | χ22 = 0.23 | .89 |
| No high school diploma/GED | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| High school diploma/GED | 1 | 0 | 2 | ||
| Some college | 2 | 3 | 3 | ||
| 2-y College degree | 1 | 2 | 1 | ||
| 4-y College degree | 12 | 5 | 6 | ||
| Master’s degree | 7 | 8 | 2 | ||
| Doctorate | 2 | 2 | 5 | ||
| Decline to state | 0 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Clinical Data | |||||
| Baseline CDI score, mean (SD) | 0.88 (1.17) | 2.10 (1.62) | 2.55 (3.10) | F2,62 = 3.99 | .02 |
| Scan CDI score, mean (SD) | 0.16 (0.47) | 1.05 (1.54) | 2.80 (2.69) | F2,62 = 12.99 | <.001 |
| Baseline GAF score, mean (SD) | 88.52 (5.12) | 80.94 (7.80) | 79.56 (7.62) | F2,57 = 10.53 | <.001 |
| Scan GAF score, mean (SD) | 88.0 (8.44) | 84.95 (6.76) | 75.82 (12.54) | F2,58 = 9.07 | <.001 |
| Age of MDE onset, mean (SD), y | NA | NA | 15.50 (2.61) | NA | NA |
| Rate of MDE Recurrence, No. (%) | NA | NA | 8 (40) | NA | NA |
| Scan psychotropic medication, No. (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | 3 (15) | χ22 = 4.58 | .10 |
| Antidepressant | 0 | 1 | 3 | ||
| Antipsychotic | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Stimulant | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Lifetime Clinical History | |||||
| Major depressive disorder | 0 | 0 | 20 | NA | NA |
| Alcohol use disorder | 0 | 1 | 2 | NA | NA |
| Cannabis use disorder | 0 | 1 | 1 | NA | NA |
| Social phobia | 0 | 0 | 4 | NA | NA |
| Specific phobia | 0 | 1 | 1 | NA | NA |
| Obsessive compulsive disorder | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 0 | 0 | 2 | NA | NA |
| Anorexia nervosa | 0 | 0 | 1 | NA | NA |
| Bulimia/binge eating disorder | 0 | 1 | 1 | NA | NA |
| Life Events Survey Scores | |||||
| Positive life events, mean (SD), No. | 5.88 (2.51) | 5.35 (2.83) | 5.42 (2.85) | F2,61 = 0.26 | .77 |
| Negative life events, mean (SD) | 2.88 (2.64) | 3.40 (2.58) | 4.68 (4.14) | F2,61 = 1.83 | .17 |
| Cumulative positive impact, mean (SD) | 9.44 (4.25) | 7.65 (4.23) | 8.63 (8.63) | F2,61 = 0.67 | .51 |
| Cumulative negative impact, mean (SD) | 4.88 (5.46) | 6.20 (5.35) | 8.55 (8.73) | F2,61 = 1.73 | .19 |
| fMRI Motion Parameters | |||||
| Censored No. of volumes, mean (SD) | 6.12 (5.46) | 4.75 (5.79) | 4.25 (3.35) | F2,62 = 0.85 | .43 |
| Frame-wise displacement, mean (SD), mm | 0.07 (0.04) | 0.09 (0.07) | 0.09 (0.09) | F2,62 = 0.95 | .39 |
| Frame-wise rotation, mean (SD), degrees | 0.002 (0.001) | 0.003 (0.003) | 0.002 (0.002) | F2,62 = 1.42 | .25 |
Abbreviations: CDI, Child Depression Inventory; CTL, control; CVT, converted; fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging; GAF, global assessment of functioning score; GED, General Educational Development; MDE, major depressive episode; NA, not applicable; RES, high-risk resilient; WAIS, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; WISC, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.