Table 2. Outcomes During 18-Month Follow-up.
| Outcome | IPS (n = 271) | Transitional Work (n = 270) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary outcome | |||
| Steady worker (held competitive job ≥39 of 78 wk), No. (%)a | 105 (38.7) | 63 (23.3) | <.001a |
| Secondary outcome | |||
| Income from competitive sources for all participants, $ | .004 | ||
| Mean (SD) | 14 642 (19 308) | 10 989 (17 097) | |
| Median (IQR) | 7290 (23 174) | 1886 (17 167) | |
| Other employment outcome | |||
| Obtained a competitive job within 18 mo, No. (%) | 186 (68.6) | 154 (57.0) | .005 |
| Obtained a competitive job within 12 mo, No. (%) | 179 (66.1) | 127 (47.0) | <.001 |
| Obtained a competitive job within 6 mo, No. (%) | 145 (53.5) | 86 (31.9) | <.001 |
| Weeks employed in competitive jobs, mean (SD) | 17.5 (17.7) | 12.1 (15.5) | <.001 |
| Proportion of weeks unencumbered by transitional work assignment in which competitive jobs were held | .006 | ||
| Mean (SD) | 0.4 (0.3) | 0.3 (0.3) | |
| Median (IQR) | 0.3 (0.7) | 0.1 (0.6) | |
| Days employed in competitive jobs, mean (SD) | 122.3 (124.2) | 84.9 (108.1) | <.001 |
| Held full-time (≥30 h/wk) competitive job, No. (%) | 161 (59.4) | 128 (47.4) | .01 |
| Weeks employed in full-time competitive job, mean (SD) | 14 (17.0) | 10.4 (14.9) | .01 |
| Time to first competitive job, mean (SD), wk | 18.4 (15.1) | 28.2 (20.0) | <.001 |
| Competitive jobs/person employed | <.001 | ||
| Mean (SD) | 40.6 (22.8) | 32.5 (21.6) | |
| Median (IQR) | 44 (40) | 30 (34) | |
| Hollingshead job classification, No. (%) competitively employedb | |||
| 1, 2, and 3 | 37 (19.9) | 29 (18.7) | .30 |
| 4 and 5 | 84 (45.2) | 77 (49.7) | .53 |
| 6 | 102 (54.8) | 57 (36.8) | <.001 |
| 7 | 53 (28.5) | 48 (31.0) | .60 |
| Income from competitive job(s) in steady workers, mean (SD), $ | 12 603 (10 126) | 8461 (17 569) | .01 |
| Income from all sources including transitional work and excluding disability income, mean (SD), $ | 15 354 (19 661) | 14 467 (17 497) | .50 |
| Employment outcomes from transitional work assignments | |||
| Worked in a transitional work assignment, No. (%) | 11 (4.1)c | 142 (52.6) | <.001 |
| Weeks in transitional work assignment, mean (SD) | 0.2 (1.7) | 6.9 (9.8) | <.001 |
| Income from transitional work sources for participants who held a transitional work assignment, $ | <.001 | ||
| Mean (SD) | 205 (1506) | 2986 (4715) | |
| Median (IQR) | 0 | 177 (4903) | |
| PTSD outcome, (95% CI) | |||
| PCL-5, LS mean estimate, 95%CId | −3.66 (−6.09 to 1.23) | −0.82 (−3.24 to 1.59) | .07 |
Abbreviations: IPS, individual placement and support; IQR, interquartile range; LS, least squares; PCL-5, PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 for the previous month; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder.
Odds ratio, 2.14 (95% CI, 1.46-3.14).
Hollingshead job classification: 1, higher executive, major professional, owner of large business; 2, manager of medium-sized business, lesser professions (ie, nurse, optician, pharmacist, social worker, teacher); 3, administrative personnel, manager, minor professional, owner/proprietor of small business; 4, clerical, sales, technician, small business, bank teller, bookkeeper, clerk, timekeeper, secretary; 5, skilled labor (ie, baker, barber, chef, electrician, fireman, machinist, mechanic, painter, repairman, tailor, welder, police, plumber); 6, semiskilled labor (ie, hospital aide, bartender, bus driver, cutter, cook, garage guard, checker, waiter, spot welder, machine operator); 7, unskilled labor (ie, attendant, janitor, construction helper, laborer, porter).
After randomization, on their own volition, 11 IPS participants crossed over to transitional work during the follow-up period.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (decrease in scores translates to improvement); longitudinal analysis least squares mean difference, −1.9; 95% CI, −3.91 to 0.12; P = .07.