Table. Study Sample Characteristics.
| Variable | HV (n = 48) |
BD (n = 37) |
SCZ (n = 92) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), y | 29.8 (8.5) | 27.5 (8.1) | 27.0 (7.6) |
| Female sex, No. (%) | 20 (41.7) | 12 (32.4) | 23 (25.0) |
| IQ, mean (SD)a | 115.2 (16.6) | 105.2 (18.1) | 93.5 (15.2) |
| BMI, mean (SD)b | 24.7 (4.4) | 26.1 (6.7) | 27.2 (6.4) |
| Overweight (BMI>25), No. (%) | 18 (37.5) | 20 (54.1) | 51 (55.4) |
| Physical activity per week, mean (SD), d | 1.7 (2.2) | 2.8 (2.5) | 2.3 (2.7) |
| Sedentary time, mean (SD)c | 2.8 (0.5) | 2.9 (0.2) | 2.6 (0.7) |
| Lifetime cannabis use, No. (%)d | 10 (20.8) | 22 (59.5) | 40 (43.5) |
| Lifetime substance use, No. (%)d | 10 (20.8) | 24 (64.9) | 46 (50.0) |
| Current alcohol use, mean (SD)e | 5.3 (2.2) | 6.0 (2.9) | 7.4 (2.2) |
| Currently smoking, meand | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.6 |
| Family history of depression, No. (%)d | 10 (20.8) | 24 (64.9) | 46 (50.0) |
| Family history of psychosis, No. (%)e | 0 | 5 (13.5) | 53 (57.6) |
| Experience of trauma, No. (%)e | 6 (12.5) | 18 (48.6) | 36 (39.1) |
| Age at onset of BD or SCZ, mean (SD), y | NA | 20.9 (5.0) | 21.5 (5.3) |
| BPRS score, mean (SD)f | |||
| Positive symptomsg | 4.2 (1.4) | 9.6 (5.5) | 12.4 (6.2) |
| Negative symptomsg | 3.4 (2.3) | 4.0 (1.8) | 6.8 (3.8) |
| Depression/anxietyd | 4.1 (0.6) | 8.4 (4.3) | 9.0 (5.3) |
| Mania/disorganizationd | 6.1 (0.3) | 12.3 (8.5) | 9.5 (5.2) |
| Antipsychotic dosage, mean (SD), chlorpromazine equivalentsh | NA | 267.5 (326.3) | 264.5 (251.1) |
| Any antipsychotic, No. (%) | NA | 30 (81.1) | 86 (93.5) |
| First-generation antipsychotic, No. (%)i | NA | 13 (35.1) | 31 (33.7) |
| Second-generation antipsychotic, No. (%)i | NA | 26 (70.3) | 77 (83.7) |
| Antidepressant, No. (%)h | NA | 7 (18.9) | 12 (13.0) |
| Lithium, No. (%)c | NA | 15 (40.5) | 9 (9.8) |
| Mood stabilizers (various), No. (%)h | NA | 5 (13.5) | 15 (16.3) |
| >2 Medication classes, No. (%)h | NA | 28 (75.7) | 51 (55.4) |
Abbreviations: BD, patients with bipolar disorder; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); BPRS, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; HV, healthy volunteers; NA, not applicable; SCZ, patients with schizophrenia.
HV>BD>SCZ based on appropriate tests at P < .05, false discovery rate corrected.
SCZ>HV based on appropriate tests at P < .05, false discovery rate corrected.
BD>SCZ based on appropriate tests at P < .05, false discovery rate corrected.
SCZ = BD>HV based on appropriate tests at P < .05, false discovery rate corrected.
SCZ>BD = HV based on appropriate tests at P < .05, false discovery rate corrected.
In the BPRS, symptoms are coded as 1 (absent) to 7 (extremely severe). The BPRS Positive symptoms are the sum of scores for hallucination, unusual thought content, and bizarre behavior subscales. The BPRS Negative symptoms are the sum of scores for blunted affect, emotional withdrawal, and motor retardation subscales. The BPRS Depression/anxiety scores are the sum of scores for anxiety, depression, suicidality, and guilt subscales. The BPRS Mania/disorganization scores are the sum of scores for motor hyperactivity, elevated mood, excitement, distractibility, and grandiosity subscales. For detailed definitions of other measures, see eTable 1 in the Supplement.
SCZ>BD>HV based on appropriate tests at P < .05, false discovery rate corrected.
SCZ = BD based on appropriate tests at P < .05, false discovery rate corrected.
Some patients were taking both first-generation and second-generation antipsychotics.