Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Study Participants.
| Characteristic | Total No. | Participants With FEPa | Total No. | Healthy Controlsa | Test Statistic | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), y | 71 | 25.2 (7.7) | 73 | 23.9 (6.4) | t = 1.13 | .26 |
| Women, No. (%) | 71 | 39 (55) | 73 | 40 (55) | χ21 = .012 | .52 |
| Educational level, mean (SD), y | 71 | 12.0 (3.1) | 73 | 12.9 (2.3) | t = −1.95 | .05 |
| Parental educational level, mean (SD), y | 71 | 8.0 (5.8) | 73 | 10.0 (4.1) | t = −2.36 | .02 |
| Married, No. (%) | 71 | 17 (24) | 73 | 19 (26) | χ21 = .059 | .48 |
| Employed, No. (%) | 71 | 15 (21) | 73 | 34 (47) | χ22 = 11.61 | .003 |
| Tobacco use, No. (%) | 71 | 2 (3) | 73 | 0 | χ22 = 3.30 | .19 |
| DUP, mean (SD), wk | 61 | 25.4 (21.6) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| BPRS total score, mean (SD) | 70 | 48.01 (10.97) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| BPRS agitation subscale score, mean (SD) | 70 | 9.54 (4.24) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| BPRS positive subscale score, mean (SD) | 70 | 19.11 (4.80) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| BPRS negative subscale score, mean (SD) | 70 | 5.81 (3.27) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| SANS composite score, mean (SD) | 70 | 20.74 (17.95) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| MCCB composite score, mean (SD) | 69 | 35.43 (13.69) | 66 | 45.09 (9.43) | t = 4.79 | .001 |
| CRP, median (IQR), FI | 69 | 7631.41 (6778.62-9456.46) | 61 | 7610.07 (6937.90-9025.92) | U = 2065 | .85 |
| IL-1B, median (IQR), FI | 69 | 68.82 (35.35-166.58) | 61 | 76.77 (44.41-225.11) | U = 1902 | .34 |
| IL-8, median (IQR), FI | 69 | 71.30 (49.79-83.26) | 61 | 63.41 (50.77-82.46) | U = 2034 | .74 |
| IFN-γ, median (IQR), FI | 69 | 89.42 (70.87-113.86) | 61 | 88.96 (64.69-131.47) | U = 2054 | .81 |
| TNF, median (IQR), FI | 69 | 93.60 (76.02-105.44) | 61 | 92.03 (74.28-103.94) | U = 1984 | .57 |
| Salivary cortisol, median (IQR), μg/dL | 46 | 0.24 (0.15-0.33) | 54 | 0.18 (0.12-0.27) | U = 910 | .02 |
| Aspartate, median (IQR), nmol/mL | 69 | 134.32 (86.67-198.31) | 61 | 102.32 (79.33-141.65) | U = 1666 | .04 |
| Glutamate, median (IQR), nmol/mL | 69 | 111.00 (98.20-128.00) | 61 | 105.00 (92.00-121.60) | U = 1845 | .23 |
| Lactate, median (IQR), mg/dL | 69 | 15.08 (11.27-20.34) | 60 | 13.28 (9.83-17.75) | U = 1770 | .16 |
| HCY, median (IQR), mg/L | 69 | 0.65 (0.61-0.71) | 61 | 0.65 (0.60-0.73) | U = 2091 | .95 |
| BDNF, median (IQR), FI | 69 | 340.83 (142.52-340.83) | 62 | 287.37 (145.99-722.44) | U = 2009 | .55 |
| Thioredoxin, median (IQR), pg/mL | 69 | 420.17 (323.58-609.50) | 61 | 492.33 (324.17-637.67) | U = 1956 | .49 |
| S100B, median (IQR), FI | 69 | 125.13 (69.76-211.93) | 61 | 130.44 (61.14-265.52) | U = 2044 | .79 |
Abbreviations: BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; BPRS, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; CRP, C-reactive protein; DUP, duration of untreated psychosis; FEP, first episode of psychosis; FI, fluorescence intensity; HCY, homocysteine; IL, interleukin; IFN-γ, interferon γ; IQR, interquartile range; MCCB, MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery; NA, not applicable; SANS, Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms; S100B, S100 calcium binding protein B; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.
SI conversion factor: To convert lactate to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.111.
a
Comparisons between participants with FEP and healthy controls were adjusted for parental educational level.