Table 4. Mean VBM Volume and Cortical Thickness at Baseline and Follow-up.
| Anatomical Region (Hemisphere) | Patients With MDD Without Relapse | Patients With MDD With Relapse | Healthy Controls | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Follow-up | Mean (SD) Difference | 95% CI | P Value | Baseline | Follow-up | Mean (SD) Difference | 95% CI | P Value | Baseline | Follow-up | Mean (SD) Difference | 95% CI | P Value | |
| VBM volume, mean (SD) | |||||||||||||||
| Insula (right) | 0.324 (0.012) |
0.351 (0.013) |
0.027 (0.020) |
−0.012 to 0.066 |
.17 | 0.344 (0.009) |
0.311 (0.010) |
−0.032 (0.015) |
−0.063 to −0.002 |
.04 | 0.294 (0.008) |
0.354 (0.009) |
0.060 (0.013) |
0.034 to 0.085 |
<.001 |
| DLPFC (right) | 0.273 (0.014) |
0.296 (0.014) |
0.023 (0.022) |
−0.020 to 0.066 |
.30 | 0.321 (0.011) |
0.242 (0.011) |
−0.079 (0.017) |
−0.113 to −0.045 |
<.001 | 0.282 (0.009) |
0.292 (0.009) |
0.010 (0.014) |
−0.018 to 0.038 |
.48 |
| Cortical thickness, mean (SD), mm | |||||||||||||||
| Insula (left) | 3.002 (0.034) |
3.016 (0.036) |
0.014 (0.019) |
−0.024 to 0.052 |
.46 | 2.993 (0.026) |
2.990 (0.028) |
−0.004 (0.015) |
−0.033 to 0.025 |
.80 | 2.947 (0.022) |
2.982 (0.023) |
0.035 (0.012) |
0.011 to 0.059 |
.005 |
| Insula (right) | 2.936 (0.036) |
2.973 (0.036) |
0.037 (0.018) |
0.002 to 0.072 |
.04 | 2.946 (0.028) |
2.962 (0.028) |
0.016 (0.014) |
−0.011 to 0.056 |
.25 | 2.863 (0.023) |
2.897 (0.023) |
0.034 (0.011) |
0.011 to 0.056 |
.004 |
| Medial OFC (left) | 2.298 (0.032) |
2.387 (0.033) |
0.089 (0.029) |
0.032 to 0.147 |
.003 | 2.395 (0.023) |
2.389 (0.024) |
−0.006 (0.021) |
−0.047 to 0.036 |
.79 | 2.347 (0.019) |
2.395 (0.020) |
0.048 (0.018) |
0.013 to 0.083 |
.007 |
| Medial OFC (right) | 2.335 (0.032) |
2.394 (0.033) |
0.059 (0.028) |
0.004 to 0.114 |
.04 | 2.384 (0.025) |
2.375 (0.026) |
−0.009 (0.022) |
−0.052 to 0.034 |
.67 | 2.344 (0.021) |
2.372 (0.022) |
0.028 (0.018) |
−0.008 to 0.064 |
.12 |
| Rostral ACC (left) | 2.746 (0.041) |
2.819 (0.038) |
0.073 (0.025) |
0.023 to 0.123 |
.005 | 2.846 (0.031) |
2.850 (0.029) |
0.003 (0.019) |
−0.035 to 0.041 |
.86 | 2.745 (0.026) |
2.832 (0.024) |
0.087 (0.016) |
0.056 to 0.118 |
<.001 |
| Rostral ACC (right) | 2.767 (0.043) |
2.798 (0.043) |
0.031 (0.032) |
−0.033 to 0.094 |
.34 | 2.800 (0.033) |
2.816 (0.033) |
0.016 (0.025) |
−0.034 to 0.066 |
.52 | 2.738 (0.028) |
2.772 (0.028) |
0.034 (0.021) |
−0.008 to 0.075 |
.11 |
| Rostral MFG (left) | 2.517 (0.023) |
2.515 (0.020) |
−0.002 (0.019) |
−0.039 to 0.035 |
.91 | 2.534 (0.017) |
2.492 (0.015) |
−0.042 (0.014) |
−0.070 to −0.014 |
.003 | 2.516 (0.014) |
2.510 (0.013) |
−0.006 (0.011) |
−0.029 to 0.017 |
.60 |
| Rostral MFG (right) | 2.512 (0.025) |
2.508 (0.024) |
−0.004 (0.017) |
−0.038 to 0.029 |
.80 | 2.502 (0.018) |
2.474 (0.018) |
−0.028 (0.013) |
−0.053 to −0.003 |
.03 | 2.503 (0.015) |
2.496 (0.015) |
−0.006 (0.011) |
−0.027 to 0.015 |
.57 |
Abbreviations: ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; MDD, major depressive disorder; MFG, middle frontal gyrus; OFC, orbitofrontal cortex; VBM, voxel-based morphometry.